Orientation Session

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Orientation Session

• Presentation of the scope of the project and
  preliminary results for discussion

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Introduction to the Afternoon Background

• Paul Watkiss
• Paul Watkiss Associates

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Background

• Sheffield has air quality problems
• City-wide exceedance of Objectives
• Emissions from road vehicles major source
• Can reduce vehicles or vehicle km, or
• Can introduce cleaner vehicles

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Low Emission Strategy

• Encourage use of cleaner vehicles
• Include voluntary, planning, partnership,
  enforced approach
• Potentially different vehicles (Lorries, Bus,
  Van, Taxi, Car)
• Potentially different area (centre, city,
  corridors, DA, region)
• Different emission criteria (age, Euro standard,
  RPC)

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Low Emission Zone

• Introduced in Sweden, at implementation phase for
  London, being considered by other UK cities
• As with all LES, bring forward cleaner fleet
  new vehicles, new engine or retrofit
• Formal enforced zone with defined emission
  criteria
• London is greater London, HGVs and buses, Euro 2
  RPC in 2008, tightening in 2010 and possibly
  including vans

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The Study

• Commissioned to provide independent analysis of
  options
• Assess emissions, AQ benefits, and progress
  towards Obj.
• Costs of schemes, practicality and acceptability
• Wider benefits health
• Socio-economic effects, including costs to
  operators

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Today Your Views

• Views on acceptability and practicality of
  options
• Local issues, sensitive parts of the fleet,
  inequalities, conflicts with other policies
• Ranking of schemes use of simple tool
• Aim to identify smaller number of options to
  study in detail

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Introduction to the Potential Options

• Gwyn Jones
• AEA Technology Environment

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Large number of options

• Instruments or schemes that could implement a low
  emission strategy
• Emissions standard or standards that could apply
  within a low emission strategy
• Where to apply schemes? Central Sheffield, whole
  authority or whole of South Yorkshire?
• When to apply schemes?

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Regulatory schemes

• Traffic Regulation Orders
• Traffic Regulation Conditions
• Public carriage office licensing
• The local planning framework
• Supplementary planning documents
• Section 106 agreements

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Voluntary schemes

• Quality Bus Partnerships perhaps focused on major
  public transport corridors
• Freight Quality Partnerships
• Public Relations Campaigns

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Economic schemes

• Mixture of incentives and penalties
• Vehicle scrappage in exchange for grant or travel
  permit
• Differentiated parking charges
• Grants to retro-fit abatement equipment
• Fines for non-compliance

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Emission objectives
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Implementation Issues Indicative Cost of Options

• Tom Parker
• Transport and Travel Research Ltd

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Overview

• Implementation options
• Options and issues
• Costs and impacts

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Implementation options

• Planning conditions for development control
  (large and small scale development)
• Low Emission Zone
• Taxi licensing
• Traffic Regulation Conditions Quality Bus
  Contract
• Statutory Bus Partnership Quality Bus
  Partnership
• Freight Quality Partnership
• Parking charges
• Scrapping incentives

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Planning conditions (1)

• Supplementary Planning Document to ensure AQ
  considerations included in the City Development
  Framework
• City-wide
• Already in place
• Gradual and long-term impact
• Cost to SCC (low), cost to others (low)

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Planning conditions (2)

• s106 conditions to ensure new Developments have
  reduced emissions by setting standards for
  construction vehicles, plus office and
  residential parking
• Can only be applied early in process e.g. Lower
  Don Valley, but probably not NRQ
• LDV may include 12,000 parking spaces
• Cost to SCC (low), cost to developer/user
  (medium)
• Requires a desirable development site

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Low Emission Zone

• Formal designated zone, discouraging
  non-compliant vehicles through payment or penalty
• Central zone or city-wide
• Potentially all vehicle types, but can target
  specific
• Medium term measure possible multiple phases
• Cost to SCC (medium high), cost to other (high)
• Potential for exemptions, more impact on
  specialist fleet as longer lifetimes

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Taxi regulation licensing conditions

• Require higher standards as licensing condition
  for taxi and private hire vehicles
• Has been used in London to develop an emission
  improvement strategy, supported by a 50p fare
  levy
• Could apply SCC wide
• Time-scale for taxi/phv response is medium term
• Cost to SCC (low), cost to taxi / phv
  (low-medium)

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Traffic Regulation Conditions

• Powers from late 2004 for Traffic Commissioner to
  direct Bus Companies to improve fleet
• Could apply to all local buses in city
• Timescale medium e.g. 2 years
• Cost to SCC (low), cost to operator (medium/ low
  if used planned fleet renewals)
• Not tested yet, would depend on TC taking on case

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Bus Quality Contracts

• SYPTE and Tyneside PTE asked companies to join in
  mock tendering exercise to investigate risks and
  costs
• Under a BQC services, fares and frequencies
  (timetables) are specified for defined routes or
  groups
• Bus Operators bid for exclusive right to operate
  services.
• Cost to SCC (low/med), Cost to operator
  (medium/low)
• Has not been tested, but may avoid route swapping

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Quality and Statutory Bus Partnerships

• Improved service and vehicles in exchange for
  roadside infrastructure/priority binding
  non-binding variations
• Operates on a route by route basis, for local bus
  services use local) bus stops and priority routes
• Medium timescale to complete whole network
• Cost to SCC/SYPTE (medium-high), cost to operator
  (medium-low)
• Vehicles can be moved between routes to comply

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Freight quality partnership

• Voluntary arrangements whereby Industry and
  Highway Authority agree improvements
• Coverage and impact depends on enthusiasm and
  agreement for FQP and emission standards..
• Timescale could be 1-3 years or longer for
  effective scheme
• Costs to SCC and others (low to medium) depend on
  extent of improvements

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Parking management and charges

• Extension of park for a penny scheme
• City-wide, but focus is 1500 SCC city centre
  spaces
• Short/Medium term implementation, impact will
  decrease
• Cost to SCC (low / neutral), and for car park
  users overall (but high cost for older cars
  drivers)
• Impact will on shoppers/ commuters

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Scrapping incentives

• Incentive for scrapping old high polluting
  vehicles money or public transport pass
• City wide
• Short term measure - target old fleet
• Cost to SCC (medium) /cost to others (low)
• Might have some additional benefits in targeting
  abandoned vehicles, but difficult to control

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Impact and Cost Summary
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Conclusions

• Coverage geographically, vehicles, users
• Time-scales
• Cost to council
• Cost to others
• Feasibility and practicability

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Emissions The Potential Benefits of Options

• Gwyn Jones
• AEA Technology Environment

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Method

• Local traffic growth factors
• Vehicle-kilometres (veh.km) for Sheffield
  (urban), Sheffield (whole authority) and South
  Yorkshire (4 LAs)
• National emission factor, fleet composition and
  cost data
• Pure substitution (e.g. all pre-Euro veh.km
  converted to at least scheme entry requirement)

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Baseline trends
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2008 Baseline NOx
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2008 Baseline PM10
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Emissions benefits NOx
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Emissions benefits PM10
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Air quality benefits
5m from roadside 20,000 AADTF 6 HDV City-wide
implementation
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Other Effects

• Paul Watkiss
• Paul Watkiss Associates

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Other Effects

• Health benefits of the schemes
• Numbers of vehicles affected
• Potential costs (to operators)
• Distribution or socio-economic effects
• Effects on wider economy

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Health Benefits

• Background Health Impacts are important
• Sheffield studies 6 of heart disease, 11 of
  strokes
• Nationally tens of thousands of premature
  deaths, many millions of respiratory illnesses
• PM most strongly implicated NO2 less so
• Health benefits will follow emissions

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Number of Vehicles

• Scheme will affect those registered and driving
  in area
• Data available for registrations but have to
  predict forward
• Plus those that come in from outside
• Very difficult to estimate, as not tracked
• Likely to include large number of regional
  registrations

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Registered Vehicles (2004)

• Cars 190,000
• Taxis 500
• Vans 18,000
• Coach and Bus 1,000
• Goods vehicles 2,800

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• Cars and coach/bus similar to national fleet,
  goods little older

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Costs

• Costs to operators relate to action taken to
  comply
• Buy new or second hand vehicle, new engine,
  retrofit
• Stricter emission criteria bring more vehicles
  into the scheme
• Increase benefits, but increase costs to
  operators
• Larger vehicle (HGV/Bus) have higher emission, so
  more cost-effective to target also have
  retrofit options
• Smaller vehicles (cars) have small emissions,
  less cost-effective, no retrofit options

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Other Issues

• Older vehicles affected more by scheme
• Specialist vehicles more expensive so longer
  lifetimes
• Certain sectors more transport intensive
  (haulage, trade)
• Smaller companies tend to run vehicles for longer
• Older cars driven by lower income groups -
  inequality

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Wider Costs

• Smaller schemes may merely divert traffic move
  pollution problem from one area to another
• Some economic costs but low in relation to
  typical operating costs will be some benefits
  local retrofit
• Competitiveness vs. national operators, but note
  London anyway
• Could influence retail attractiveness (if car
  based)

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Wider Benefits

• No demand changes if not this then what
• Large benefits outside immediate area, from
  cleaner vehicles driving elsewhere
• Will be noise benefits, as newer vehicles tend to
  be quieter
• Operators likely to get fuel benefits, lower
  maintenance costs from modern vehicles
• Government grant systems in place for heavier
  vehicles (EST)
• More attractive environment for people and
  companies

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