Contrastive grammar

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Contrastive grammar

• Morphological categories

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Category

• A class of items that have the same function
• a class of items that occur in identical
  environment

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Categories

• phonological
• phonemes and their classes
• grammatical
• lexical
• syntactic
• semantic

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Grammatical classes

• A grammatical category
• a set of syntactic features that 
• express meanings from the same conceptual domain
• occur in contrast to each other, and
• are typically expressed in the same fashion
• Parts of speech (noun, verb) are typically
  grammatical classes
• words that share the same features

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Category

• A grammatical category is
• a linguistic category, not
• a real world category.
• the relationship between
• a linguistic category such as TENSE
• and a real world category such as TIME

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Morphological category

• A grammatical category expressed by means of
• morphology
• Morphology
• deals with morphemes
• the minimal units of linguistic form and meaning,
  
• and how they make up units of language.

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types of morphemes

• free part
• free morphemes can occur as separate words
• dog
• walk
• berry
• yes
• bound ing
• bound morphemes cannot occur on their own as
  full words
• -s in dogs
• de- in detoxify
• -ness in happiness
• cran- in cranberry

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Types of morphological processes

• derivation/inflection
• inflection
• bound (grammatical) morphemes with free
  morphemes,
• do not produce new lexical items
• categorially productive
• derivation
• bound (lexical) morphemes with free morphemes
• new lexical items
• idiosyncratic

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Inflection

• Does not change basic meaning or part of speech,
• big, bigg-er, bigg-est are all adjectives.
• Expresses
• grammatical features or
• indicate relations between words in the sentence.
  
• The girl loves the boy.
• Is categorially productive.
• combine with all members of a large category,
• with predictable effects on usage/meaning.
• Occur after (outside) any morphemes.
• ration-al-iz-ation-s the final -s is inflectional
• Predominantly suffixes only.

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Inflection

• inflectional morphology is usually entirely
  productive

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Inflection productivity
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Nouns

• Number
• Singular, Dual, Plural
• Grammatical gender
• natural grammatical
• Masculine, Feminine, Neuter (Animate, Vegetable)
• Definiteness
• Definite, Indefinite
• Possession
• 1st, 2nd, 3rd Singular Plural
• some languages mark this with possessive
  pronouns my/mine, your/yours, his, her/hers,
  its,
• Case paradigm
• declension

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Adjectives

• Degree
• Comparative and Superlative
• Number
• Singular, Dual, Plural
• Grammatical gender
• Case paradigm
• declension

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Verbs

• Number
• Singular, Dual, Plural
• Grammatical gender
• natural grammatical
• Masculine, Feminine, Neuter (Animate, Vegetable
• Aspect
• Perfective, Imperfective
• Tense
• Past, Present, Future

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Verbs

• Voice
• Active, Passive
• Mood
• Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive
• Conjugation
• Types

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Polish morphological categories

• From a Polish corpus
• relevant to segments (words) not to sequences of
  segments (phrases)
• tense, mood and voice is a property of phrases

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Polish morphological categories

• Number (2 values)
• singular sg oko
• plural pl oczy

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Polish categories Case (7 values)

• nominative nom
• woda
• genitive gen
• wody
• dative dat
• wodzie
• accusative acc
• wode

• instrumental inst
• woda
• locative loc
• wodzie
• vocative voc
• wodo

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Polish categories

• Gender (5 values)
• human masculine (virile) m1
• papiez, kto, wujostwo
• animate masculine m2
• baranek, walc, babsztyl
• inanimate masculine m3
• stól
• feminine f
• stula
• neuter n
• dziecko, okno, co, skrzypce, spodnie

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5 Genders??

• Diagnostic contexts
• Widze jednego _________ z tych, których lubie.
  m1
• Widze jednego _________ z tych, które lubie. m2
• Widze jeden __________ m3
• Widze jedno ___________ n
• Widze jedna ___________ f

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Polish categories

• Person (3 values)
• first pri
• bredza, my
• second sec
• bredzisz, wy
• third ter
• bredzi, oni

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Polish categories

• Degree (3 values)
• positive pos
• cudny
• comparative comp
• cudniejszy
• superlative sup
• najcudniejszy
• Aspect (2 values)
• imperfective imperf
• isc
• perfective perf
• zajsc

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Polish categories

• Negation (2 values)
• affirmative a
• pisanie, czytanego
• negative neg
• niepisanie, nieczytanego
• Accentability (2 values)
• accented (strong) akc
• jego, niego, tobie
• non-accented (weak) nakc
• go, -n, ci

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Polish categories

• Post-prepositionality (2 values)
• post-prepositional praep
• niego, -n
• non-post-prepositional npraep
• jego, go
• Accommodability (2 values)
• agreeing congr
• dwaj, piecioma
• governing rec
• dwóch, dwu, pieciorgiem

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Polish categories

• Agglutination (2 values)
• non-agglutinative nagl
• niósl
• agglutinative agl
• niosl-
• Vocalicity (2 values)
• vocalic wok
• -em
• non-vocalic nwok
• -m

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Polish lexemes
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English lexemes