Instrumental Music of the Enlightenment

1
Chapter 13

• Instrumental Music of the Enlightenment

2
Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757)

• Son of Alessandro Scarlatti
• Spanish Court
• Wrote 555 keyboard sonatas

3
Sonata in D Major, K. 119, 89

• Timbre Harpsichord
• Idioms
• Guitar figurations
• Maraca rhythms

4
Sonata in D Major, K. 119, p.2

• Phrases Regular four-measure phrases
• Harmony repeated dissonanat chords
• Binary form (AABB)

5
Sonata Form by the 1830s

• Exposition Development Recapitulation Coda
• 1 T 2 K 1 T
  2 K
• I V modulates I
  I
• i vi i
  i
• 1 first or primary theme
• 2 second(ary) theme
• T bridge or transition
• K closing

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Early Symphonies

• Sinfonia evolved from Italian opera overture
• three movements
• fourth movement added between 2 and 3.

7
Symphony in F Major by Sammartini, 90

• Mvt. 1
• Form Monothematic Binary
• Characteristics
• hammerstrokes
• scalar melody

8
Empfindsam Style

• Two SOBs (Sons of Bach)
• Wilhelm Friedemann
• Carl Philipp Emanuel
• keyboard composer

9
Sonata IV in A Major, 91

• C.P.E. Bach
• Mvt. II
• Harmony chromatic
• Rhythm Scotch snaps
• Ornamentation grace notes, appogiature, mordents

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German Symphonic Composers

• Johann Stamitz
• Mannheim orchestra
• dynamic range
• Mannheim crescendo

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Sinfonia a 8 in E-flat Major, 92

• La melodia germanica, no. 3
• Mvt. I
• Characteristics
• Hammerstrokes
• Mannheim crescendo
• violin sighing motif
• oboe horn motif

12
Johann Christian Bach

• composers of symphonies and piano concerti
• 40 keyboard concertos (1763 to 1777)

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Concerto for Harpsichord or Piano and Strings in
E-flat Major, 93

• Double exposition Sonata form
• First exposition all in tonic
• Second exposition modulates to dominant
• Recapitulation all in tonic
• no secondary theme
• Orchestra plays transitions and reinforces
  cadences.

14
François-Joseph Gossec - France

• Paris composition center
• composed symphonies and comic operas

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The Eighteenth Century Orchestra

• 25 to 35 players
• Strings
• WW one flute, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons. Doubled
  strings
• Brass 2 horns, sometimes trumpets
• Sometimes percussion