Arthrology

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Arthrology
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Definition

• The study of joints
• Articulation general term for all types of
  joints
• Joints are places of union between two or more
  skeletal elements
• 3 types of joints fibrous, cartilagenous and
  synovial

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Types of joints based on mobility

• Fibrous joints are fixed , and immovable
• Where cartilagenous joints are slightly moveable,
  semimovable
• Synovial joints are movable.

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Synovial joints have 5 necessary items

• Joint capsule
• Joint cavity
• Movability
• Articular cartilages
• Ligaments lined by synovial joint

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2 types of synovial joints based on the number
of bones involved.

• . Simple joint - 2 skeletal elements
• . Composite(Compound) joints - 3 or more skeletal
  elements are involved (knee, hock)

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Synovial joints can also be of 6 different types
based on the type of movement.

• Plane or gliding
• Spheroidal ( ball and socket)
• Ginglymus (hinge joint)
• Trochoid (pivot joint)
• Condylar joint
• Saddle joint

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Synovial joints function to

• . Phagocytosis
• . Regulation of protein and hylauronate
• . Regeneration
• . Ligaments (strong, inelastic membranes)

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Movement of joints

• Flexion- decrease in angle making up a joint
• Extension - reverse of flexion
• Hyperextension- angle between segments gt 180
• Rotation- twisting movement around its own axis

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• Adduction- extremity moves toward the median
  plane
• Abduction- extremity moves away from median plane
• Circumduction-combination movement extremity
  describes a cone paddling
• Pronation- tends to rotate an extremity so that
  the dorsum is up

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• Supination- rotates an extremity so that the
  palmar or plantar aspect of the limb is up

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Characteristics of joints

• Generally smooth except for occasional
  interruptions by non- articular cavities called
  synovial fossae.
• Articular cartilages generally of hyaline type.

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• No nerves in articular cartilage and bearing
  surface.
• Joint capsule composed of 2 portions
• outer fibrous layer
• inner synovial layer

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Pathology of joints

• Injuries- dislocations, fractures, sprains, cuts
  and puncture wounds.
• Dislocatins- one or more segments of the joint
  are out of place
• Fractures
• Sprain- ligaments are stretched but the joint
  does not remain dislocated. Strain not sprain.
  Ex eye strain

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• Puncture wounds
• Arthritis

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Joints of the front limb

• Scapula- no bony connection with thorax-
  synsarcosis
• Shoulder joint- spheroidal- ball and socket
• Elbow joint- ginlymus
• Carpus- arthroidal joints
• Metacarpophalangeal joint- distal end of the
  metacarpus, proximal end of P1, two sesamoid
  bones
• Proximal interphalangeal joint- P1 and P2

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Joints of the Hindlimb

• Sacroiliac joint- only bony connection between
  the axial and appendicular skeletons. Sacrum
  held by pelvis by tight bands of ligaments unless
  under influence of relaxin.
• Stifle jont- corresponds to human knee femur,
  tibia, patella
• Tarsus joint- hinge joint between tibia and tibia
  tarsal (talus) bone. Remaining joint arthroidal

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• Distal interphalangeal joint- second and third
  phalanges and distal sesamoid (navicular bone)