Motivation

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Motivation
Sexual Motivation
Sexual Orietation
3-4 of men and 1-2 of women are exclusively
homosexual
- generally normal childhoods
- sexual orientation emerges at puberty
- homosexual behavior vs homosexual orientation
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Motivation
Sexual Motivation
Sexual Orietation
What is the cause of homosexuality?
- relationship with parents
- fear/hatred of other gender
- levels of sex-related hormones
- sexual vicitmization as a child
None of the above seems to be true
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Motivation
Sexual Motivation
Sexual Orietation
What is the cause of homosexuality?
Differences in the brain
- it has been shown that there are differences in
the hypothalamus
- cause or effect?
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Motivation
Sexual Motivation
Sexual Orietation
What is the cause of homosexuality?
Genetic Influence
- 52 of monozygotic twins of homosexuals were
also homosexual
- 22 of dizygotic twins
- clearly not all genetics
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Motivation
Sexual Motivation
Sexual Orietation
What is the cause of homosexuality?
Pre-natal Hormones
- exposure to sex hormones between 1.5 and 5
months can influence orientation
- other physiological manifestations of "wrong"
hormones
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Motivation
Sexual Motivation
Sexual Orientation
What is the cause of homosexuality?
While none of the preceding explanations is
complete, it should be clear that homosexual
orientation has some physiological basis, and is
not simply a "choice"
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Motivation
Sexual Motivation
Love
- passionate love
- companionate love
Sternbergs Triangular Theory
- passion
- intimacy
- commitment
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Motivation
Sexual Motivation
Love
Attachment style
- secure
- avoidant
- anxious
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Motivation
Sexual Motivation
Love
Do we get addicted to love?
- sex results in release of dopamine
- do we learn to love people we have sex with?
- certain people/features may be associated with
the reinforcing aspects of sexual activity
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Motivation
Sexual Motivation
Love
Do we get addicted to love?
- brain imaging reveals strong similarity in the
brains of people madly in love and people in
the midst of a cocaine binge
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Motivation
Sexual Motivation
Love
Monogamy vs Polygamy
- humans are among the 3 of mammals that are
considered monogamous
vs
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Motivation
Sexual Motivation
prairie voles
montane voles
- polygamous
- monogamous
- oxytocin and vasopressin release during sex -
- vasopressin receptors in brain
- no vasopressin receptors
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Motivation
Sexual Motivation
- injection of vasopressin will make prairie
voles fall in love with mate they have not had
sex with
- has no effect on montane voles
- interfering with vasopressin results in
polygamous prairie voles
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Motivation
Social Motivation
"needing to belong" is a powerful motivation
- being part of a group increases chances of
survival
- being accepted as a member of a group increases
self-esteem
- makes long-term stable relationships possible
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Motivation
?
I can't believe I glued my hand to my head again!
Achievement Motivation
Is there a biological 'drive' that is satisfied
by achievement?
How can we test achievement motivation?
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Motivation
Achievement Motivation
High achievement motivation
- preference for moderately difficult tasks
- self-disciplined
- intrinsically motivated
- internal locus of control
- specific, achievable goals
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Personality
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939
- neurological disorders have psychological causes
- use of hypnosis ? "the unconscious"
- use of free association
- use of dream analysis
- the unconscious affects the conscious
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Personality
Psychoanalytic Theory
The Structure of Personality
- each personality is the result of conflict
- Id, Ego, and Superego
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The 'Iceberg' Analogy
? conscious
? preconscious
(accessible)
? unconscious
(inaccessible)
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The 'Carriage' Analogy
Ego
Superego
Id
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Personality
Psychoanalytic Theory
The Development of Personality
- the psychosexual stages
1. Oral (0-18 months)
2. Anal (18-36 months)
3. Phallic (3-6 years)
4. Latency (6-puberty)
5. Genital (adolescence adulthood)
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Personality
Psychoanalytic Theory
The Development of Personality
- fixation may occur at any psychosexual stage
- result of too much or too little stimulation
- Oedipus/(Electra) complex
- conflict during phallic stage
- resolution through identification
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Personality
Psychoanalytic Theory
Defense Mechanisms
- conflict between id and superego leads to
anxiety
- defense mechanisms reduce or redirect anxiety
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Personality
Psychoanalytic Theory
Defense Mechanisms
1. Repression
- not allowing certain thoughts/desires into the
conscious
- the root of all defense mechanisms
2. Regression
- retreat to earlier stage (fixation?) when under
stress
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Personality
Psychoanalytic Theory
Defense Mechanisms
3. Reaction Formation
- unacceptable feelings/desires 'converted' to
their opposites
4. Projection
- unacceptable feelings/desires attributed to
others rather than self
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Personality
Psychoanalytic Theory
Defense Mechanisms
5. Rationalization
- unconscious comes up with 'alternative'
explanations that justify behavior
6. Displacement
- unacceptable feelings/desires transferred to
'safe target'
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Personality
Psychoanalytic Theory
Defense Mechanisms
7. Sublimation
- unacceptable feelings/desires channeled into
socially (superego) approved activities
None of these defense mechanisms are consciously
employed to reduce anxiety
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Personality
Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychoanalytic Techniques
Projective tests
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Personality
Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychoanalytic Techniques
Projective tests
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- Rorschach Inkblot Test
- unconscious feelings/desires influence the
interpretation of ambiguous stimuli
- Reliability? Validity?
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Personality
Psychoanalytic Theory
The Early Neo-Freudians
Alfred Adler
- emphasis on social factors in childhood
- the 'inferiority complex'
Karen Horney
- gender bias in Freud's theories
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Personality
Psychoanalytic Theory
The Early Neo-Freudians
Carl Jung
- the 'collective unconscious'
- mythology and symbolism
- significant experiences are inherited
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Personality
Psychoanalytic Theory
Current Views
Psychodynamic Theory
- the unconscious is real and important
- childhood experience can affect personality and
attachment
- inner conflict (individual desire vs social
rules) does cause problems
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Personality
Psychoanalytic Theory
Current Views
Criticisms
- little scientific evidence for repression
- psychoanalytic techniques ? false memories??
- gender bias in Freud's original work
- doesn't generate testable hypotheses
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Personality
Trait Theory
Personality as the result of characteristic
patterns of behavior and conscious motives/desires
- there have been many attempts to categorize
personality traits
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Personality
Trait Theory
Two Factor Theory (Eysenck Eysenck)
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Personality
Trait Theory
- are 2 dimensions enough to fully capture the
variation in personality?
'The Big Five'
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Personality
Trait Theory
The Big Five
- stability?
- heritability?
- universality?
- predictive validity?
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Personality
Trait Theory
Trait Assessment
- the MMPI
- standardized on large population of 'normal'
and 'disordered' subjects
- self-report measure
- inclusion of 'validity scales'
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The MMPI Profile
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Personality
Humanistic Theory
- focus on 'healthy', rather than 'sick'
thought/behavior
Maslow Self-Actualization
- at the top of the 'Hierarchy of Needs'
- are you fulfilling your full potential?
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Personality
Humanistic Theory
The Self-Actualized Person
- self-aware / self-accepting
- open/spontaneous
- loving/caring
- internal locus of control
- "mission in life"
- spirituality / peak experiences
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Personality
Humanistic Theory
Rogers the Self-Concept
- everyone has the potential for goodness,
growth, fulfillment
- 3 conditions that promote personal growth
- genuineness
- acceptance (UPR)
- empathy
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Personality
Social-Cognitive Theory
- emphasis on external/environmental factors and
our interpretations of them
- "reciprocal determinism"
- personality influences choice of environments
- personality guides interpretation
- personality shapes environment
- past/current behavior as best predictor
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Personality
Social-Cognitive Theory
Locus of Control
- internal vs external
- attributional style
- learned helplessness
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Personality
Social-Cognitive Theory
Optomism / Pessimism
- in general, optomists are happier and healthier
than pessimists
- pessimists may, however, have a more accurate /
realistic world view
- risk assessment