S Peder Cuneo

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GPP 2 - Establish Veterinary Client Relationship
GPP 3 - Follow Healthy Production Practices
GPP - 6 Maintain Biosecurity

• S Peder Cuneo
• U of Az Extension Veterinarian

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Start With a Healthy Animal

• The First Step in Biosecurity
• The Most Important Step in Development of an
  effective vaccination program/herd health
• Reduces (Eliminates) need for Treatment and
  residue worrries
• Get Best Response to Feeding Program

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Vaccination, Introduction to Animal Health Program

• Proper nutrition
• Protein and trace minerals in young growing
  animals
• Low stress conditions
• Stress hormones reduce immune system
• Functioning immune system

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Vaccine tools for the immune system

• Killed Vaccines and Toxoids
• Modified Live
• Chemically Altered

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Killed Vaccines/Toxoids/Chemically Altered

• Wide variety of Dz protection
• No risk of reverting to wild strain
• No risk of spread between animals
• Little risk of abortion
• More stable in storage
• No on farm mixing required
• Good stimulant for colostrum

• More likely to cause allergic reaction/lumps
• Boosters usually required
• Slower onset of immunity
• May not stimulate as strong or long lasting
  immunity
• Narrower spectrum of protection vs. MLV
• Blocking by maternal antibodies problem for young
  stock
• Cost is often higher

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Modified Live

• One dose can provide protection
• More rapid protection
• Wider spectrum of protection vs. Killed
• Less likely to cause allergic reaction/lumps
• Not as susceptible to passive antibody block
• Cost usually less vs. Killed

• Possible reversion to virulent forms
• Disease problems in immune stressed animals
• Possible excessive immune response
• Risk of abortion/infertility
• Handling and mixing

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Vaccine Handling

• Follow label
• Storage especially refrigeration
• FOLLOW LABELS
• PREGANCY STATUS, AGE, BOOSTER
• Expiration date
• Refrigeration after mixing
• MLV short life after mixing/temperature effect

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Vaccination Procedures

• FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS
• Route of injection and location
• Tent skin for SubQ
• Needle length
• IM 1-1.5 inch 16 or 18 gauge
• SubQ 3/4 inch or 1 inch 16-18 gauge
• Spread out injection sites
• Change needles every 10-20 head

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Vaccination ProceduresPart II

• Make sure hide/skin is clean/free of mud and
  manure
• DO NOT USE SKIN DISINFECTANT OR DIP NEEDLE IN
  DISINFECTANT WHEN USING A MLV VACCINE
• DO NOT MIX VACCINES
• FOLLOW QA GUIDELINES ON INJECTION SITES

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Vaccine Labeling

• Label Claims Reflect Differing Levels of
  Assurance of Performance
• Label Claims are Negotiated Between USDA
  Manufacturer
• USDA Provides Independent Assurance that Label
  Claims can be Substantiated

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Labels Imply Different Outcomes

• Available Options
• a) To Prevent Infection. . .
• b) To Prevent Disease. . .
• c) As an Aid in the Prevention of Disease. . .

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Option c) in labeling "As an aid in the
prevention of disease due to..." or "for the
reduction of.."

• Is used for products that produce a significant
  effect in achieving the claim
• Mild disease
• Multi-agent disease "syndromes"
• Severe challenge can overwhelm protective effect

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VACCINE FAILURE

• FAILURE TO RESPOND
• INSUFFICIENT RESISTANCE
• BLOCKING MATERNAL ANTIBODIES
• LAG TIME
• FAILURE TO BOOST
• HANDLING

• Acute Reactions
• Persistent Infection
• Chronic Reactions
• Suppression of Performance
• Infectious, Contagious Vaccines
• Vaccinal Lesions at Slaughter

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Drug use and label guidelines

• OTC (Over The Counter)
• Purchased and used by producer without input from
  veterinarian
• Product must have directions that are clear
  enough for safe and effective use by producer
• Owner is responsible for any residues
• ALL LABEL DIRECTIONS MUST BE FOLLOWED EXACTLY

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Label guidelines II

• Legend drugs
• Drugs determined by FDA to require veterinary
  supervision for safe and effective use
• Name and address of dispensing veterinarian must
  be on container
• ALL DISPENSING DIRECTIONS MUST BE FOLLOWED EXACTLY

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Label guidelines III

• Extralabel Drug Use (ELUD)
• The use of any OTC or label (prescription) drug
  in any manner not specified on the label
• Use in different species
• Use in different class of animal
• Dose used
• Route of administration
• Disease condition not indicated on label

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ELDU

• Title 21 CFR new Part 530
• Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of
  1994
• ELDU outside of AMDUCA is a violation of the
  Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
• Enforcement of ELDU is under the control of
  Federal Food and Drug Administration

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Requirements for ELDU

• Valid veterinary-client-patient relationship
• Vet responsible for clinical judgment
• Lack of labeled therapeutic alternative
• None on market
• Available drugs ineffective at labeled dose
• Complete records
• Withdrawal times

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Limitations of ELDU

• Must have VALID vet/client/patient relationship
• Feed additives can NEVER be used under ELDU, only
  to treat disease
• There are Prohibited drugs that can Never be used

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FDA Sec 530.41 Prohibited Drugs

• Chloramphenicol
• Clenbuterol
• Diethylstilbestrol
• Dimetridazole
• Ipronidazole
• Other nitroimidazoles
• Furazlidone

• Nitrofurazone
• Sulfonamide drugs in lactating diary cattle
  (three specific exceptions)
• Fluoroquinolones
• Glycopeptides

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Classification of Antibiotic Use

• Therapeutic
• Application of a specific drug to treat a
  specific health problem
• Sub therapeutic
• Low level of antibiotics fed to stimulate growth
  and improve feed conversion
• Average amount fed is less than 2 oz/ton feed

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Davids Top 10 Reasons Why Beef Residues Happen

• Not following label directions
• No records
• Misidentification
• Excess volume injection
• Chronic with depressed liver/kidney function

• Treated before purchase
• Unaware of withdrawal times
• Feed/water contamination
• Antibiotics/chemical residues
• They wont test

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Biosecurity

• Is the outcome of all activities undertaken by
  an entity to preclude the introduction of disease
  agents into an area that one is trying to
  protect
• David Dargatz, Vet Clinics North American vol
  181 pg 1

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Biosecurity and Technology

• Vaccinology
• Therapeutic Drugs
• Diagnostic Testing

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Biosecurity What To Avoid

• Reliance on vaccination
• Reliance on therapy
• Attempting to overcome genetic/inherited problems
• Making assumptions about animals status that can
  be tested but are not I assumed

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BiosecurityBasics for Livestock Activities
can you say A-RITS
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THE A FROM A-RITS

• Risk Assessment
• Evaluate decide level appropriate
• Risk Management
• Resistance, Exposure, Transmission
• Risk Documentation
• Record Review recordings
• Surveillance testing

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Risk Areas

• Procurement
• Feed/Water
• Wildlife, Arthropods, Insects
• Caretakers, Service,Visitors
• Equipment
• Wind-delivered

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Biosecurity The RITS

• Resistance, Isolation, Traffic Control,
  Sanitation.
• Maximize resistance
• (General ? Specific)
• Isolate from outside and within
• Control exposure potential spread
• Clean, Clean Clean

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Healthy Livestock

• Start with healthy animals
• Biosecurity
• Keep animals healthy
• Biosecurity
• Animal health programs
• Teach excellent animal husbandry/care
• Production animal welfare

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HAPPY TRAILS!!