Pavlovian conditioning is also known as ___ conditioning' A' aversive B' operant C' classical D' ins

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LEARNING
OPERANT CONDITIONING
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also known as

• INSTRUMENTAL
• CONDITIONING
• and
• SKINNERIAN
• CONDITIONING

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Behavior is controlled by its consequences

• Rewards increase behaviors
• Punishments decrease behaviors

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Basic Terminology

• Key word - emitted
• Positive Reinforcement - the application of a
  pleasant stimulus, increases responding

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• Negative Reinforcement -
• The termination of an aversive stimulus, also
  increases responding, NOT the same as
  punishment, also known as escape learning

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• Shaping - reinforcing successive approximations
  of the desired response

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Reinforcement Schedules

• Continuous - Reinforcement of every correct
  response

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Partial Reinforcement Schedules

• Fixed Ratio - Reinforcement of a certain number
  of responses

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• Variable Ratio - Reinforcement of an
  unpredictable number of responses from a mean
  value

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• Fixed Interval - Reinforcement of the first
  response that follows a given delay since the
  last reinforcement

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• Fixed Interval - Weekly or monthly pay check

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• Variable Interval - Reinforcement of the first
  response that follows an unpredictable delay
  since the last reinforcement

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Partial Reinforcement Effect - PRE

• Slower extinction following partial than
  after continuous reinforcement

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DRUG ADDICTION

• Rank the following
• five drugs in terms
• of overall danger of
• their DIRECT
• health hazards

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Alcohol - CocaineHeroin - MarijuanaTobacco

• Most 1. ___________
• Hazardous 2. ___________
• 3. ___________
• Least 4. ___________
• Hazardous 5. ___________

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BASIC TERMINOLOGY

• Drug tolerance -
• decreased sensitivity
• to a drug caused by
• repeated drug
• exposure

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SHIFT TO THE RIGHT IN ADOSE-RESPONSE CURVE

• E nontolerant
• D F
• R F
• U E
• G C tolerant
• T
• DOSE of the DRUG

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Drug tolerance often situation specific

• Siegels classical condi-tioning model of drug
  tolerance
• lethal effects of drug overdose in addicts more
  likely
• in new context

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Drug Withdrawal Syndrome

• adverse reaction to sudden drug elimination
• physical dependence on the drug

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Drug Addiction

• continued use despite adverse effects on health
  and social life - caused by physical dependence,
  the negative reinforcement hypothesis?
• In part

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• or positive reinforcement?
• Major Factor

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PSYCHOACTIVE OR CONSCIOUSNESS-ALTERING DRUGS
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DEPRESSANTS - Alcohol, Barbiturates, and
Benzodiazepines

• At low doses, acts like a mild stimulant
• At 0.5 blood alcohol, high risk of death
• produces both tolerance and physical dependence,
  hangovers and delirium tremens (the DTs)

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Direct health effects of alcohol

• DTs can be fatal
• Korsakoff syndrome - memory impairment
• cirrhosis of the liver
• fetal alcohol syndrome - FAS
• highway carnage

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STIMULANTS - Amphetamine, Caffeine, Cocaine,
Nicotine

• Caffeine most widely used psychoactive active
  drug in our society, followed by tobacco
  (nicotine)
• Only about 20 of all attempts to stop smoking
  succeed for 2 years, highly addictive

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Direct health effects of tobacco

• Smokers syndrome bronchitis and emphysema
• various cancers and heart ailments - 400,000
  die each year
• Buergers disease, vaso-constriction and gangrene

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Direct health effects of cocaine

• High doses of cocaine (and amphetamines) induce
  psychosis and death
• Highly addictive, but withdrawal symptoms minimal

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OPIATES - Opium, Morphine, Heroin

• used since 4000 BC
• Chinese in 1600s
• morphine isolated in 1800, hypodermic needle
  invented in 1856, soldiers disease
• legal till 1914 in US

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Direct health effects of opiates

• Surprisingly few, yet called by some Perhaps
  the most dangerous drugs in widespread use
• constipation, pupil constriction, reduced sex
  drive
• great risk of AIDS
• highly addictive, but withdrawal over-rated

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ENDORPHINSAND PAIN
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• MORPHINE - an opiate - analgesia and pleasure
• Effective because it occupies receptors in the
  brain

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• Comes from a poppy
• Why does the brain have receptors for a
  substance manu-factured in a poppy?

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• Perhaps the brain manufactures its own
  opiate-like substances
• Yes - these substances are now called ENDORPHINS
  - endogenous morphine

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• Also called opioid peptides, function as
  neurotransmitters
• Beta-endorphin, dynorphin, met-enkephalin 50
  more

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• Our knowledge of endorphin function has been
  enhanced by NALOXONE and NALTREXONE
• Both are opiate and opioid antagonists

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EXAMPLES OF ENDORPHINMECHANISMS
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• Indian Holy Man
• Athletes that play with pain
• Child-birth
• Acupuncture

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• Runners high
• Placebos
• Vaginal stimulation
• but NOT hypnosis

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PSYCHEDELICS andHALLUCINOGENS -Marijuana,
Hashish, and LSD

• Health hazard of long-term marijuana use include
• lung damage
• amotivational syndrome
• addiction potential low
• gene for delta-9-THC receptor identified

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Direct Health Hazard

• Most 1. Tobacco
• 2. Alcohol
• 3. Cocaine
• 4. Heroin
• Least 5. Marijuana

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FREUDS ADDICTIONS

• COCAINE and
• TOBACCO