Street Cross Sections

1
Street Cross Sections

• Vehicular ways are usually laid out with street
  cross sections.
• Dimensions are controlled by the regulations of
  local government.
• Crowned at center- this is for damage.
• Pavement sloping all to one side issued when a
  height differential between opposing curbs is
  allowed.
• Curbs
• Shouldnt exceed 8inches (elders)
• Must be ramped down to street pavement to allow
  handicapped.

2
Roads

• Computed by summing up the traffic and the
  parking lanes required
• Curbside parking should be 8ft wide
• Traffic Lanes
• 10ft wide for minor roads
• 12ft wide for highways
• Minimum vertical clearance is 14ft

• Residential Roads
• One parking lane plus 2 traffic lanes 26 ft
• 18ft without parking
• 20ft one-way with parking
• Street Lights should be back 2ft from the curb

3
Sidewalks

• 3.5ft wide Allows for three people to walk at
  the same time
• Large pedestrian flows must be sized to demand
• Low Density
  High Density
• Allows one side of sidewalks only
  Must be wide enough to
  accommodate social activity.
• Crosswalks should be wider then the incoming
  sidewalks

4
Cycle-ways

• Advantages
• Quietness
• Economy
• No pollution
• Good exercise
• Parking

• Disadvantages
• Easy to steal a parked bicycle
• Accident rate is very high when mixed with
  automobile traffic

12ft wide
5
Intersections

• Should be within 20 degrees of the perpendicular
• Direct crossings are clear but should have
  traffic signs and signals
• When there are 2 or more intersections Stop
  sign is necessary on the secondary street
• Drivers 65ft from the intersection should see it
  plus 65ft more on each side of the intersection

6
Loops and Endings
Driveways 8f wide Curb side should have a
diameter of 3ft

• No more is allowable of 1600ft around
• Cul-de-sacs Max allowed of 500ft.
• Maximum block length is 1600ft

7
Parking

• Each full-grown juggernaut should be 20ft long by
  8ft wide
• Handicapped should be extended to 13ft wide
• Stalls may be parallel, perpendicular or at 30-,
  40-, or 60-degree angles to the moving lane

8
Maximum Grades
9
Street Cross Sections

• Vehicular ways are usually laid out with street
  cross sections.
• Dimensions are controlled by the regulations of
  local government.
• Crowned at center- this is for damage.
• Pavement sloping all to one side issued when a
  height differential between opposing curbs is
  allowed.
• Curbs
• Shouldnt exceed 8inches (elders)
• Must be ramped down to street pavement to allow
  handicapped.

10
Roads

• Computed by summing up the traffic and the
  parking lanes required
• Curbside parking should be 8ft wide
• Traffic Lanes
• 10ft wide for minor roads
• 12ft wide for highways
• Minimum vertical clearance is 14ft

• Residential Roads
• One parking lane plus 2 traffic lanes 26 ft
• 18ft without parking
• 20ft one-way with parking
• Street Lights should be back 2ft from the curb

11
Sidewalks

• 3.5ft wide Allows for three people to walk at
  the same time
• Large pedestrian flows must be sized to demand
• Low Density
  High Density
• Allows one side of sidewalks only
  Must be wide enough to
  accommodate social activity.
• Crosswalks should be wider then the incoming
  sidewalks

12
Cycle-ways

• Advantages
• Quietness
• Economy
• No pollution
• Good exercise
• Parking

• Disadvantages
• Easy to steal a parked bicycle
• Accident rate is very high when mixed with
  automobile traffic

12ft wide
13
Intersections

• Should be within 20 degrees of the perpendicular
• Direct crossings are clear but should have
  traffic signs and signals
• When there are 2 or more intersections Stop
  sign is necessary on the secondary street
• Drivers 65ft from the intersection should see it
  plus 65ft more on each side of the intersection

14
Loops and Endings
Driveways 8f wide Curb side should have a
diameter of 3ft

• No more is allowable of 1600ft around
• Cul-de-sacs Max allowed of 500ft.
• Maximum block length is 1600ft

15
Parking

• Each full-grown juggernaut should be 20ft long by
  8ft wide
• Handicapped should be extended to 13ft wide
• Stalls may be parallel, perpendicular or at 30-,
  40-, or 60-degree angles to the moving lane

16
Maximum Grades
17
Earthwork and Utilities

• Chapter. 8

18
Earthwork and Utilities

• Site Construction (Infrastructure)
• Pavements, curbs, foundations, grading, sewer
  pipes, power lines
• Construction documents
• Technical documents
• Dimensioned layouts of roads and buildings
• Profiles of sewer main and other linear features
• Grading plan
• Landscaping plan
• Detailed drawings
• Written specifications of quality and
  installation of all elements

19
Earthwork and Utilities

• Earthwork
• All sites require remodeling of earths surface
• Grading has strong influence on project
• Earth-moving machines
• Improved technology
• Tracked bulldozer
• Scarpers
• Bucket Draglines
• Power shovels

20
Earthwork and Utilities

• Grading Criteria
• New grades kept close to preexisting grades
• Drainage pattern concerns
• Disruption of old foundations
• Awkward appearances of ground
• Agricultural value
• Fit for its designed purpose and occupants
• Positive drainage
• Pleasing visual appearance

21
Earthwork and Utilities

• Grading Problems
• Excessive cut and fill
• Drainage pockets
• Steep grades
• Poor visual relation to immediate surroundings
• Destruction of nature
• Loss of good soil
• Financial concerns

22
Earthwork and Utilities

• Representing Elevation
• New surface represented by contour lines in
  drawings
• New forms are the best transition between two
  fixed points
• Function, economy, drainage, appearance, and
  minimum ecological damage
• Using ground as a sculptural medium

23
Earthwork and Utilities

• Cut and fill calculations
• Cost calculation of earth volume to be moved
• Contour-are method
• End-area Method
• Use of elevations at grid corners
• Storm drainage
• Substitute for natural surface drainage
• Can discharge into local streams, lakes, and
  gullies wherever flooding wont occur
• Large storm drains must be controlled and treated
• Underground drainage systems are very expensive.

24
Earthwork and Utilities

• Elements of the system
• Drainage surface
• Open gutters and ditches
• Series of underground pipes
• Large pipes over 3 ft are made from clay
• Manholes
• Flow of Water
• Keep surface water moving
• Slopes vary based on volume of water expected,
  finished surfaces, and the amount of damage done
  by local flooding
• Be aware of outside developments along with
  future impacts

25
Earthwork and Utilities

• System Layout
• Designed to limit number of manholes and for
  sewage to run freely
• Manholes must be in right of ways to allow access
  for cleaning and other maintenance
• Sewer lines usually run along easements separate
  from the right of way
• Right elevation is needed to ensure sewage passes
  through without scouring pipe surfaces
• Plans are usually drawn from discharge point
  upwards.

26
Earthwork and Utilities

• Computation of pipe size
• Computed by site planner or engineer
• Varies based on slope of the pipe, volume being
  moved, intensity of peak flows, and coefficient
  of runoff
• Velocity of flow is kept between 10 and 2 ft per
  second
• Culverts
• Short length of pipe inserted under roads or
  other barriers to carry storm water
• Made of concrete or corrugated metals
• Used to curb erosion of land or roads.

27
Sanitary Drainage

• Underground system of piping used to transport
  household wastes to sewage plants
• Continuous system
• Closed system
• Minimum size of sanitary sewer pipe 8 inches
• Converges at a public disposal plant or a small
  private plant

28
Sewage DisposalWater-borne Systems

• Public plant
• Small private plant
• Septic tank
• Drain field 100 feet from surface water or
  well
• Total amount of water needed per person 90
  gallons per day
• Disadvantages
• Expensive
• Ground and surface water pollution

?
29
Sewage DisposalDry Systems

• No or very little water
• Pit privy (underground pit - 1 to 2 feet deep)
• Water table should be at least 5 feet below the
  bottom of the pit
• After pit reaches capacity
• Sealed
• After 1 year, waste materials are used as
  fertilizer
• Aqua Privy
• Water-tight tank, filled with water
• Vented to allow the escape of any gas
• Usually located under toilet (sludge ? bottom
  scum ? top)
• Total amount of water needed per person 1.5
  gallons per day
• Tank capacity 25 to 30 gallons per person
• Anaerobic Digester (bulky, sealed tank)
• Wastes are held for 30 to 80 days
• Produces methane gas and fertilizer sludge
• Best suited to a tropical agricultural
  environment

30
Pit Privy
31
Aqua Privy
32
Anaerobic Digester
33
Utilities

• Gas
• Underground system of pipes
• Two distribution layouts
• Treelike patterns, with branching lines
• Loop (or interconnected) network
• Pipes are small in diameter
• Not laid under or close to buildings, or near
  electric cable
• Telephone
• Overhead lines are strung on electric power
  poles
• Laid in underground conduits or buried cable
• Central Heating
• Usually high-temperatured steam, distributed in
  insulated underground pressure mains, set in
  raceways or basement structures

• Water Supply
• Pressurized system of pipes
• Two distribution layouts
• Treelike patterns, with branching lines
• Loop (or interconnected) network
• Pipe size 6 8 inches
• Electric Power
• System of high-voltage conductors, placed
  overhead on poles or underground in raceways
• Enters house at low voltage via a step-down
  transformer
• Two distribution layouts
• Treelike patterns, with branching lines
• Loop (or interconnected) network

34
Electric Power
35
Sanitary Drainage

• Underground system of piping used to transport
  household wastes to sewage plants
• Continuous system
• Closed system
• Minimum size of sanitary sewer pipe 8 inches
• Converges at a public disposal plant or a small
  private plant

36
Sewage DisposalWater-borne Systems

• Public plant
• Small private plant
• Septic tank
• Drain field 100 feet from surface water or
  well
• Total amount of water needed per person 90
  gallons per day
• Disadvantages
• Expensive
• Ground and surface water pollution

?
37
Sewage DisposalDry Systems

• No or very little water
• Pit privy (underground pit - 1 to 2 feet deep)
• Water table should be at least 5 feet below the
  bottom of the pit
• After pit reaches capacity
• Sealed
• After 1 year, waste materials are used as
  fertilizer
• Aqua Privy
• Water-tight tank, filled with water
• Vented to allow the escape of any gas
• Usually located under toilet (sludge ? bottom
  scum ? top)
• Total amount of water needed per person 1.5
  gallons per day
• Tank capacity 25 to 30 gallons per person
• Anaerobic Digester (bulky, sealed tank)
• Wastes are held for 30 to 80 days
• Produces methane gas and fertilizer sludge
• Best suited to a tropical agricultural
  environment

38
Pit Privy
39
Aqua Privy
40
Anaerobic Digester
41
Utilities

• Gas
• Underground system of pipes
• Two distribution layouts
• Treelike patterns, with branching lines
• Loop (or interconnected) network
• Pipes are small in diameter
• Not laid under or close to buildings, or near
  electric cable
• Telephone
• Overhead lines are strung on electric power
  poles
• Laid in underground conduits or buried cable
• Central Heating
• Usually high-temperatured steam, distributed in
  insulated underground pressure mains, set in
  raceways or basement structures

• Water Supply
• Pressurized system of pipes
• Two distribution layouts
• Treelike patterns, with branching lines
• Loop (or interconnected) network
• Pipe size 6 8 inches
• Electric Power
• System of high-voltage conductors, placed
  overhead on poles or underground in raceways
• Enters house at low voltage via a step-down
  transformer
• Two distribution layouts
• Treelike patterns, with branching lines
• Loop (or interconnected) network

42
Electric Power