Smoking

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Smoking
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SURGEON GENERAL'S WARNING

• Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease,
  Emphysema, and May Complicate Pregnancy.
• Surgeon General's Warning, 1984

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Tobacco

• "There is an herb called uppowoc ... but the
  Spaniards generally call it tobacco ... its use
  not only preserves the body, but if there are any
  obstructions it breaks them up.
• By this means the natives keep in excellent
  health, without many of the grievous diseases
  which often afflict us in England."--Thomas
  Hariot, A Brief and True Report of the New Found
  Land of Virginia, 1588

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Tobacco

• "And surely in my opinion, there cannot be a more
  base, and yet hurtful, corruption in a Country,
  then is the vile use (or other abuse) of taking
  Tobacco in this Kingdome ... A custom loathsome
  to the eye, hateful to the Nose, harmful to the
  brain, dangerous to the Lungs, and in the black
  stinking fume thereof, nearest resembling the
  horrible Stygian smoke of the pit that is
  bottomless."--King James I of England, A
  Counterblaste to Tobacco, 1604

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What is Tobacco

• Tobacco belongs to a large family of plants,
  which include the potato, tomato, petunia and
  deadly nightshade.
• The genus seems to have originated in South
  America.
• Although tobacco plants prefer heat (80º average)
  and humidity during their three-month growing
  season, they tolerate higher and lower
  temperatures, and they can be cultivated almost
  anywhere.

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What is Tobacco

• Botanists suspect that tobacco has survived and
  spread through human intervention over the past
  8,000 years.
• The plant, which can grow over six feet tall, is
  large in comparison to its roots, flowers, and
  seeds--a single plant may produce up to a million
  tiny black seeds. One plant can sprout 18-20
  large leaves.

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Why People Smoke

• Reasons why people smoke include
• Nicotine dependence
• Genetic factors
• Psychological factors
• Social factors

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What is Meant By Tar

• The term used to describe the toxic chemicals
  found in cigarettes. The concentration of tar in
  a cigarette determines its rating
• High-tar cigarettes contain at least 22
  milligrams (mg) of tar
• Medium-tar cigarettes from 15 mg to 21 mg
• Low-tar cigarettes 7 mg or less of tar

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Whats in a Cigarette

• Cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals
  including 43 known cancer-causing (carcinogenic)
  compounds and 400 other toxins.
• These include
• Carbon Monoxide
• Binds oxygen so you cannot breathe
• Formaldehyde
• Highly toxic. Used for storage of preserved
  animals.
• Ammonia
• Can damage lungs and lead to death
• Cyanide
• Used by the Nazis to kill millions of Jews and
  other people
• Arsenic
• Destroys the metabolic enzymes causing your
  organs to shut down
• DDT
• Used in World War II to wipe out all living
  organisms in an area. Destroys life at a
  cellular level

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What is Tar

• In solid form, tar is the brown, tacky substance
  that is left behind on the end of the cigarette
  filter.
• It stains a smoker's teeth and fingers brown and
  coats everything it touches with a
  brownish-yellow film.
• Tar in cigarette smoke paralyzes the cilia in the
  lungs and contributes to lung diseases such as
• Emphysema
• Bronchitis
• Lung Cancer

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What is Nicotine

• Nicotine meets the criteria of a highly addictive
  drug.
• Nicotine is a potent psychoactive drug that
• Induces euphoria
• Serves as a reinforcer of its use
• Leads to nicotine withdrawal syndrome when it is
  absent.

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Nicotine

• As an addictive drug, nicotine has 2 very potent
  issues it is a stimulant and it is also a
  depressant.
• For example, one smoker talked lovingly about her
  cigarettes as her "best friend."
• They got her going in the morning, and they
  chilled her out during the day (Nicotine
  Addiction cited from http//www.emedicine.com/med
  /topic1642.htm).

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Nicotine

• Nicotine in cigarette smoke affects mood and
  performance and is the source of addiction to
  tobacco.
• While cigarette manufacturers have publicly
  denied that nicotine is an addictive drug, recent
  documents disclose that they have known and used
  the addictive properties of nicotine since the
  1950s.
• Unfortunately, this misinformation led to the
  false belief that nicotine use is a habit and not
  an addiction.

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What Nicotine Does

• Nicotine releases the major stress hormones that
  act on various receptors in the brain.
• It stimulates the endorphins and
  andreno-hormones.
• These hormones reduce sensitivity to pain and
  stress.
• Small rapid doses of nicotine produce alertness
  and arousal, as opposed to long drawn-out doses,
  which induce relaxation and sedation.
• Nicotine use results in more efficient processing
  of information and reduction of fatigue.
• In addition, nicotine has a sedative action,
  reduces anxiety, and induces euphoria.

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Nicotine Affects

• Nicotine alters the availability of dopamine and
  serotonin and causes a sharp increase in heart
  rate and blood pressure.
• Serotonin affects sleep and appetite.
• Dopamine affects attention and pleasure.
• Nicotine also has an opiate affect.
• Opiates cause the system to slow down making you
  feel like the world is running in slow motion.

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Depression

• The association between depression and smoking is
  well established.
• A lifetime history of major depression is more
  than twice as common in people who smoke compared
  to people who do not smoke.
• A history of major depressive disorder is
  associated with a decreased ability to quit
  smoking and an increased likelihood of smoking
  relapse.
• Increased relapse rates of major depression after
  smoking cessation also have been described.

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Depression

• In subjects with a history of major depression,
  smoking may be an attempt to decrease negative
  affect, and following a quit attempt, they are
  likely to experience greater symptoms of nicotine
  withdrawal compared to smokers without a history
  of depression.
• Therefore, in patients who are attempting to quit
  smoking, inquiring about present or past symptoms
  of depression and anxiety is advisable, and
  specific therapy may be indicated.

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Smoking is Deadly

• Cigarette smoking is preventable.
• It is a major cause of disease worldwide.
• It is the major cause of premature death in North
  America.
• In 1912, scientists first proposed that
  inhalation of cigarette smoke might be a cause of
  lung cancer.
• Since then, knowledge about the adverse health
  effects of smoking has continued to grow.

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Surgeon Generals Report 2004

• The major findings of the Surgeon Generals 2004
  report are
• Smoking harms nearly every organ of your body,
  causing many diseases and reducing your health in
  general.
• Quitting smoking has immediate as well as
  long-term benefits, reducing risks for diseases
  caused by smoking and improving your health in
  general.

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Surgeon Generals Report 2004

• Smoking cigarettes with lower tar and nicotine
  provides no clear benefit to health.
• The list of diseases caused by smoking has been
  expanded to include abdominal aortic aneurysm,
  acute myeloid leukemia, cataract, cervical
  cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer,
  pneumonia, periodontitis, and stomach cancer.

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Death By Tobacco

• Tobacco addiction is the second-leading cause of
  death in the world.
• It causes approximately 5 million deaths each
  year.
• This accounts for 1 in 10 adult deaths.
• Currently, about 1.3 billion smokers live in the
  world.
• 84 live in developing countries (Esson, 2004).
• With the present smoking trends, tobacco will
  kill 10 million people each year by 2020 (WHO,
  2005).

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Costs of Tobacco

• Through direct healthcare costs and loss of
  productivity from death and illness, tobacco will
  cost governments an estimated US 200 billion per
  year.
• A third of these costs will be borne by the
  developing countries.

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Increased Global Smoking

• Many factors have led to increased global smoking
  rates.
• These include trade liberalization
• Direct foreign investment
• Global marketing
• Transnational tobacco advertising
• Promotion, and sponsorship
• International tobacco smuggling
• When its harder to sell in the United States,
  where do you think tobacco companies go to push
  their product?

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Diseases

• Asthma
• Asthma is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that
  inflames and narrows the airways.
• Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing (a
  whistling sound when you breathe), chest
  tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.
  Asthma affects people of all ages, but it most
  often starts in childhood. In the United States,
  more than 22 million people are known to have
  asthma.
• Atherosclerosis
• The process of progressive thickening and
  hardening of the walls of arteries from fat
  deposits on their inner lining.
• Atherosclerotic heart disease is the leading
  cause of death in the US.
• Cancer
• Cancer occurs when abnormal cells that the body
  would usually eliminate instead divide out of
  control. There are over 100 diseases all given
  the general name cancer.

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Diseases

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Pulmonary means lungs. This disease makes
  breathing very difficult because the lungs are
  damaged. The airways become dirty and lose their
  elasticity.
• Emphysema
• Emphysema is a completely preventable disease.
• that results in shortness of breath and reduces
  your capacity for physical activity.
• The cause of emphysema is damage to the small air
  sacs and small airways in your lungs. This damage
  obstructs airflow when you exhale.
• When emphysema is advanced, you must work so hard
  to expel air from your lungs that just the simple
  act of breathing can consume a great deal of
  energy.

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Diseases

• Histiocytosis X
• Uncommon lung disease that affects smokers in
  their 30s and 40s
• Pneumonia
• An acute or chronic inflammation of the lungs
  caused by viruses, bacteria or other
  microorganisms, or sometimes by physical or
  chemical irritants where the lungs become
  inflamed and filled with fluid.
• Respiratory bronchiolitis
• A viral disease that affect the bronchi. The
  bronchi carry air from the trachea to the lungs.
• Sleep apnea
• Unable to breathe for 10 seconds at a time during
  sleep.

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Diseases

• Idiopathic pneumothorax
• Lung collapses for no apparent reason
• Low birth weight
• Perinatal mortality
• Death immediately before or after birth
• These are only some of the diseases associated
  with smoking!

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Citations

• http//www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr
  _2004/sgranimation/html/index.html
• http//quitsmoking.about.com/od/chemicalsinsmoke/g
  /tar.htm
• http//quitsmoking.about.com/od/chemicalsinsmoke/a
  /tar_in_cigs.htm
• http//www.emedicine.com/med/topic1642.htm
• http//www.slaveryinamerica.org/history/hs_es_toba
  cco_slavery.htm