Chapter 3 organic chemistry

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Chapter 3- organic chemistry

• Cells contain organic molecules

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Organic molecules contain

• Always contain carbon and hydrogen
• Have covalent bonds
• Are large
• Are associated with living organisms
• Other elements found include oxygen, nitrogen,
  phosphorus

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Inorganic molecules

• Are found in both living and non living mater
• Examples are salt (NaCl, H2O, HCl)
• Most have ionic bonds
• Are small

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Functional groups-organic molecules

• Hydroxyl (alcohol)-OH are found in sugars
• Carboxyl (acid) R-COOH are found in amino acids
  and fatty acids
• Amine RNH2 are found in amino acids
• Phosphate are found in nucleotides, nucleic
  acids, phospholipids

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Functional groups

• Are clusters which show unique characteristics
• Hydrocarbon chains
• Form the backbone of many organic molecules

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Hydrophillic and hydrophobic functional groups

• Organic acids are hydrophilic (affinity for
  water)
• Hydrocarbon chains are hydrophobic

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Isomers

• Some organic molecules can have the same
  molecular formulas but form different molecules
  because the functional groups are arranged
  different
• For example both fructose and glucose have
  molecular formula of C6H12O6

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Polymers and monomers

• Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating
  smaller units called monomers

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Examples

• polysaccharide ----monosaccharide
• protein--- amino acids
• lipids---- glycerol and fatty acids
• nucleic acids ----- nucleotides

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Condensation(dehydration)

• Build up- dehydration synthesis
• Form polymers by the removal of water
• Example- glucose fructose?sucrose water

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Hydrolysis (hydration)

• Broken down
• Break down polymers by the addition of water
• Example sucrose water? glucose fructose

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The major types of organic molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

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Carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides

• Glucose has six carbons is major supply of ready
  energy for all cells
• Fructose also has 6 carbons and is found in sweet
  fruit
• Ribose has 5 carbons found in RNA
• Deoxyribose has 5 carbons and is found in DNA

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Disaccharide

• Lactose is found in milk
• Contains galactose and glucose
• Maltose is composed of two glucose molecules
• Sucrose is common table sugar and contains
  glucose and fructose

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Polysaccharides

• Function- storage of carbohydrates, structural
  parts of plants, exoskeleton of lobsters

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Starch-

• polymer of glucose found in plants (potato)

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Glycogen-

• polymer of glucose found in animals

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Cellulose-

• structural parts of plants (fiber) forms cell
  walls of plants

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Chitin-

• found in exoskeleton of crabs and lobsters also a
  polymer of glucose
• Type of branching is different for each type of
  polysaccharide

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Lipids

• Are insoluble in water
• Monomer- triglyceride
• Triglyceride- three fatty acids and glycerol

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Saturated Fatty acids

• Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds
• Saturated fatty acids ('fats') are solid at room
  temperature and tend to be mostly animal fats

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Unsaturated fatty acids

• Are found in oils
• Are liquid at room temperature
• Have one or more double bond CC

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Lipids

• Are diverse group of organic compounds
• Neutral fats, phospholipids, cholesterol,
  steroids, waxes are all examples of lipids

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Functions of Lipids

• Energy storage compounds
• Membranes
• Steroid hormones
• Waterproofing and structural elements

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Waxes

• Long chain fatty acid bond to long chain alcohol
• Solid at normal temperatures
• Hydrophobic nature is protective
• Examples cuticle of leaves, bee hives, ear wax

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Phospholipids

• Glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group
• Phosphate portion is hydrophilic
• Fatty acids are hydrophobic
• Form part of cell membranes where they form a
  bilayer

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Steroid

• Backbone of four fused carbon rings
• Side chain functional groups differ
• Steroids are control molecules

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Proteins

• Monomers - amino acids
• About 20 different amino acids

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Peptide bonds

• Bind to amino acids together
• Examples of amino acids include phenylalanine,
  glycine, cysteine

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Proteins can be denatured

• Proteins are temperature sensitive
• Proteins are pH sensitive
• Change in shape of protein molecules make them
  non functional

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Functions of proteins

• Structural- hair, spider webs, skin
• Example Keratin found in skin
• Most enzymes are proteins
• Some hormones are proteins-insulin

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Proteins have levels of structure

• Primary structure -linear sequence of amino acids
  held together by peptide bonds

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Secondary structure

• -folding into alpha helix or beta sheet held
  together with hydrogen bon

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Tertiary structure

• involves twisting and folding and s-s covalent
  bonds

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Quaternary structure

• is the folding of two or more polypeptide chains
  together

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Nucleic Acids

• DNA- genetic material
• RNA- synthesis of proteins
• ATP - supplies energy to cells

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Nucleic acids are composed of

• Monomer- nucleotides

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Nucleotides

• Sugar- either Deoxyribose or ribose
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous bases

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Nitrogenous bases

• Purines and Pyrimidines

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Purines

• Adenine A
• Guanine G

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Pyrimidines

• Thymine T in DNA only
• Uracil U in RNA only
• Cytosine C

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DNA

• Function- genetic
• Structure- double helix
• Nitrogenous bases - A,T,G,C
• Phosphate- yes
• Sugar- Deoxyribose

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RNA

• Function- protein synthesis
• Structure- single stranded
• Nitrogenous bases A,U,G,C
• Phosphate- yes
• Sugar-ribose

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Double helix

• Is held together by hydrogen bonds
• Two hydrogen bonds between A and T
• Three hydrogen bonds between G and C

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ATP

• Adenosine triphosphate or ATP
• Nucleotide with three phosphates
• ATP?ADP Pi 7 kcal/mol
• Pi is inorganic phosphate
• ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate
• Function of ATP is to provide energy for cellular
  work
• (Metabolism)

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Calorie

• a calorie is the amount of energy need to raise
  the temperature of 1 gram (1 cc)of water 1 degree
  C?
• kilocalorie is 1000calories
• one food Calorie(note capital C) is 1 kilocalorie

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