Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration

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Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration

• 1865-1924

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Industrial Growth

• Between 1865 and 1900, the u.s. experienced
  unprecedented economic growth
• 1860 manufacturers had about 2 billion in value
  by 1900 they had over 11 billion
• Iron ore production nearly quadrupled from 7
  million long-tons to 27 million long-tons
• Steel output rose from less than 1 million tons
  to over 11 million tons
• GNP tripled during that time
• Railroad mileage increased from 30,000 to 250,000
  miles

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Rise of Big Business

• By 1900 the American economy was dominated by
  business monopolies or trusts, huge business
  empires that virtually controlled key sectors of
  the economy and dominated social and political
  life
• Trusts in sugar, cotton, tobacco, meat, flour,
  and even whiskey
• Number of industrial combinations rose from 12 to
  305 between 1887 and 1903
• 2,600 smaller firms disappeared
• By 1900, 1 of all companies produced 40 of the
  manufacturing output
• GAPE saw the rise of the modern corporation
• Used 14th Amendment to gain personhood and
  rights

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Immigration Statistics

• 1860-1920 -- aprox. 30 million European
  immigrants
• 1880-1920 -- appox. 27 million European
  immigrants
• 2 Waves of immigrants
• 1860-1890 -- (approx. 10mil) Britain, Ireland,
  Germany, Scandinavia, Switzerland, Holland
• 1890-1920 -- (approx. 20mil) Italy, Greece,
  Austro-Hungary, Russia, Romania, Turkey

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Immigration Statistics

• Compare 1882 and 1907
• 1882 -- peak of old immigration
• 788,992 total immigrants
• 250,630 - German (highest ever)
• 179,423 - Britain and Ireland
• 105,326 - Scandinavia
• 32,159 - Italy
• 29,150 - Hapsburg Empire
• 16,918 - Russia and Baltic States
• 87 from NW Europe and 13 from southern and
  eastern Europe

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Immigration Statistics

• 1907 -- peak of new immigration
• 1,285,349 total immigrants
• 19.3 from NW Europe
• 80.7 from SE Europe
• Although migration from NW Europe continued
  throughout the GAPE by 1890s so-called new
  immigrants dominated immigration statistics

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What Did They Know About the U.S.?

• Heard of opportunities for employment through
• travelers tales
• Advertisements
• Guidebooks
• Pamphlets and Newspapers
• Where to Emigrate and Why
• Informed migrants on where, why, and how to go
• After 1867 virtually all migrants came over on
  steamships
• Cheaper and faster
• By 1880s primarily British and German steamers

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Where did they go?

• No area of the U.S. completely escaped
  immigration (Butte Irish)
• But new immigrants were decidedly urban and
  mostly in northeast and upper Midwest
• 80 of immigrants settled in places like NYC and
  Chicago -- New England, New York, Illinois,
  Michigan, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Ohio proved
  especially attractive, because of jobs,
  transportation, and support network (explain).
• 1890 - 56 of industrial laborers were foreign
  born or children of foreign born

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Support Network

• Ethnic neighborhoods or ghettos
• Mutual aid societies
• Native language businesses and newspapers
• Job networks
• Churches and synagogues
• In some cases (Irish) local political machine

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Chinese Immigrants
In 1851, a racist from NC named Hinton Helper
left his home state to get away from what he
referred to as the diversity of color in
Americas more settled regions. He traveled to
California and was shocked to find Chinese people
living thereso much so that he wondered out loud
if the copper of the Pacific would cause as
much discord and dissension as the ebony had on
the Atlantic. Between 1850 and 1882 the Chinese
pop in the U.S. soared from 7,520 to 300,000.
Chinese comprised 8.6 percent of Californias
total pop and an impressive 25 of its wage
earners.
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Chinese Immigrants

• By 1870, 26 of Californias Chinese population
  lived in San Francisco and represented 46 of the
  labor force in SF four key industries boot and
  shoe making, woolen cloth, cigar and tobacco
  manufacture, and sewing.
• By 1880, Chinese comprised 52 boot and shoe. 44
  brick makers, 85 cigar makers, 33 of woolen
  mill operators.

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Chinese Immigrants

• Like the Irish and the Italians, Chinese faced
  what one scholar has referred to as a
  Negroization.
• the NYT ran editorials arguing that free blacks
  and Chinese posed a direct threat to American
  republicanism, not to mention a mongrolization of
  the race

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Chinese Exclusion
In calling for Chinese exclusion, one San
Francisco paper referred to them as morally
inferior heathen savages who were overly lustful
and sensual. Chinese women were condemned as a
depraved class, which was attributed in large
part to their physical appearance. Critics
thought they looked like Africans. Chinese men
were portrayed as a sexual threat to white
women. Chinese also compared to Indians and
referred to as the new barbarians.
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Chinese Exclusion

• In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion
  Act, which made it unlawful for Chinese laborers
  to enter the country and declared Chinese already
  living in the United States ineligible for U.S.
  citizenship. (10 yrs)
• Renewed in 1892 (10 yrs)
• Made permanent in 1902
• Remained in effect until 1943

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End of New Immigration

• Immigration declined significantly after 1914
• World War I
• New Immigration ended almost completely in 1924
• Congress passed the National Origins Act or
  Immigration Restriction Act
• Limited number of entrants to 2 of 1890 census