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Geography 484

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anomalies: Brunei, East Timor. Pro-capitalist versus pro-communist states ... states: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, Brunei ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Geography 484


1
  • Geography 484
  • Southeast Asia
  • Jim Glassman
  • Lecture 4b
  • September 24, 2008

2
The East and Southeast Asian miracles
  • Rapid economic growth
  • Industrial transformation
  • Human development

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Southeast Asian growth
  • Contrast with Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa
  • Contrasts within Southeast Asia
  • tigers Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore,
    Thailand
  • laggards The Philippines, Vietnam, Laos
  • basket cases Burma, Cambodia
  • anomalies Brunei, East Timor

8
Pro-capitalist versus pro-communist states
  • Pro-capitalist states Indonesia, Malaysia,
    Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, Brunei
  • Pro-communist states Burma (socialist),
    Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam
  • Transition in the former pro-communist states

9
Issues in Southeast Asian growth
  • Does capitalism provide the key to rapid growth?
  • Cold War politics and growth (aid war)
  • Capitalism as cause or symptom?
  • Anomalies the Philippines, Vietnam
  • Is neo-liberal capitalism the key to rapid
    growth?
  • Neoliberalism (Thailand)
  • Neomercantilism (Singapore and Malaysia)

10
Problematizing post-war economic growth
  • The role of the Cold War in boosting the NICs
  • The role of the Cold War in undermining the
    pro-communist states
  • The role of Japan and the NE Asian NICs
  • Uncertainties of the post-Cold War neoliberal era
  • Internal unevenness and economic growth

11
Growth in the post-Cold War era
  • 1990s boom
  • Chinas rapid growth
  • Increased global competition (e.g., Mexico)
  • Increased Western investment and antagonism to
    neo-mercantilism
  • Economic crisis
  • Neo-liberalism cause of the crisis or solution?

12
Uneven Development
  • Geographic unevenness
  • Urban primacy
  • Poverty in rural/agrarian regions
  • Marginalization of upland ethnic groups
  • Social unevenness
  • Benefits of growth disproportionately for those
    already most well off
  • Increased socio-economic disparity

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Absolute versus relative poverty
  • Relative poverty maldistribution of
    income/wealth
  • Absolute poverty ability to meet basic needs
  • Is it possible to have growth in relative poverty
    and decline in absolute poverty?

15
Problems in measuring absolute poverty
  • Definitions and meanings of poverty
  • Different definitions of poverty
  • Differing meanings across regions
  • Incommensurability of data across countries and
    regions

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Measuring poverty
  • Minimum requirements minimum food basket (based
    on nutritional and market surveys) minimum
    non-food needs (based on ???)
  • In Thailand, non-food minimum is based on average
    actually spent on non-food items by bottom
    quintile of income distribution. (Is this
    adequate?)

19
Differing poverty lines
  • Indonesian versus Malaysian poverty lines
  • In 1980-81, 76.1 of Indonesians would have been
    below the Malaysian poverty line, compared to the
    Indonesian figure of 27.7
  • Indonesian versus Thai poverty lines
  • In 1985-87, 48.5 of urban and 60.1 of rural
    Indonesians would have been below the Thai
    poverty line, compared to the Indonesian figures
    of 21.6 and 18.1
  • Thai versus Malaysian poverty lines
  • In 1981, 30.9 of Thais would have been below the
    Malaysian poverty line, compared to the Thai
    figure of 23.0

20
The need to adjust poverty lines over time
  • Thai food minimum based on 1975 World Bank
    survey, does not account for growth of Thai
    population and increased calorie requirements (or
    changing food tastes)
  • Official Thai poverty rate, 1992 13
  • Revised 1992 estimate, based on new food basket
    and other adjustments 33

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Absolute poverty as relative
  • Food basket minimum as socially and historically
    relative
  • Non-food poverty as socially and historically
    relative
  • What is the appropriate reference group in the
    era of globalization?
  • An alternative poverty line
  • 1/2 the median income
  • Median income of which reference group?

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Southeast Asian NICs
  • Reductions in absolute poverty, as measured by
    World Bank and others
  • Growth in income disparities
  • Issues
  • How do we understand what constitutes absolute
    poverty in this context?
  • Social struggles over poverty and the issue of
    inequality
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