Volunteering in Shanghai

1
Volunteering in Shanghai

• Songxing Su
• Shanghai Population Development Research Center
• Tit-wing Lo
• Chau-kiu Cheung
• City University of Hong Kong

2
Volunteering commitment and performance

• Incompetent (Ascoli and Cnaan 1997)
• Ideological (Ascoli and Cnaan 1997)
• Short-lived (Cress and McPherson 1997)
• Competing commitment (Cress and McPherson 1997)
• Resource-dependence (Okun 1994 Wheeler et al.
  1998)
• Dependence on experience, learning (Edwards et
  al. 2001)

3
Analytic framework
Volunteering experience Empowerment, Social
capital Backgrounds
Volunteering endurance. Commitment, Qualified
commitment
Volunteering competence
Commitment Performance
Volunteering performance
4
Theories applied before

• Resource (Hodghinson 2003 Jones 2006 Tang 2006
  Wilson and Musick 1999a)
• Human, social, cultural capital (Oesterle et al.
  2004 Wilson and Musick 1997)
• Empowerment
• Consistency Value, belief, motivation (Thoits
  and Hewitt 2001 Wilson 2000)
• Motive, functional (Clary et al. 1998)
• Dominant status, functionalist (Cnaan and Cascio
  1999 Oesterle et al. 2004 Reed and Selbee 2000)
• Socioeconomic status

• Exchange (Midlarsky and Kahana 1994 Wilson and
  Musick 1999a Wilson 2000)
• Recognition
• Psychoanalytic (Midlarsky and Kahana 1994)
• Low self-esteem
• Sequential specificity (Smith 1980)
• Volunteering history moderating effects

5
Theories specifically applied here

• Fitness/affinity (Chiricos et al. 1997 Dawkins
  2006)
• Role Empowerment
• Conservatism Habit
• Need fulfillment, diminishing marginal return
  (Liu 2000 Ozcan et al. 1997)
• Motive/need Empowerment
• Completion, saturation
• Performance Duration
• Social learning, reward and frustration
• Work with trauma Incompetence

6
Number of volunteers
7
Volunteering for different causes ()
8
Age (years) and female ()
9
Employment status ()
10
Profession ()
11
Monthly income (?)
12
Household member (number)
13
Acquiescence and large scoring tendencies (0-100)
14
Volunteering motives (0-100)
15
Self-concepts (0-100)
16
Volunteering experiences (0-100)
17
Empowerment experience in volunteering (0-100)
18
Social capital (0-100)
19
Volunteering commitment (0-100)
20
Volunteering time (years)
21
Predicting volunteering endurance

• Regression analysis based on Coxs proportional
  hazard model for censored data
• Block 1 Basic backgrounds
• Block 2 Volunteering experiences and
  self-concepts
• Block 3 Interactions

22
Standardized effects of background
characteristics on volunteering endurance
Resource / Constraint
23
Standardized effects of volunteering experiences
on volunteering endurance
Resource / Constraint
Consistency
24
Standardized effects of empowerment and social
capital on volunteering endurance
Resource / Constraint
25
Standardized effects of interactions involving
volunteer performance and competence on
volunteering endurance
Need fulfillment
26
Standardized effects of interactions involving
volunteer commitment before on volunteering
endurance
Affinity
27
Standardized effects of interactions involving
empowerment on volunteering endurance
Affinity contradiction
Need fulfillment No need
28
Standardized effects of interactions involving
volunteering location on volunteering endurance
Affinity
Incompetence
Completion
29
Standardized effects of interactions involving
volunteering duration on volunteering endurance
Sequential specificity
30
Predicting volunteering commitment

• Regression analysis
• Block 1 Basic backgrounds
• Block 2 Volunteering experiences and
  self-concepts
• Block 3 Interactions

31
Standardized effects of background
characteristics on volunteering commitment
32
Standardized effects of volunteering experiences
on volunteering commitment
Resource / Constraint
33
Standardized effects of empowerment and social
capital on volunteering commitment
Resource / Constraint
34
Standardized effects of interactions involving
volunteering experience on volunteering commitment
Need fulfillment
35
Standardized effects of interactions involving
volunteering location on volunteering commitment
Affinity
Affinity
36
Predicting volunteering performance

• Regression analysis
• Block 1 Basic backgrounds
• Block 2 Volunteering experiences and
  self-concepts
• Block 3 Interactions

37
Standardized effects of background
characteristics on volunteering performance
Resource / Constraint
38
Standardized effects of volunteering experience
on volunteering performance
Resource / Constraint
Consistency
39
Standardized effects of interactions on
volunteering performance
Affinity recognition, reward amplification
Need fulfillment
40
Predicting qualified volunteering commitment

• Regression analysis
• Block 1 Basic backgrounds
• Block 2 Volunteering experiences and
  self-concepts
• Block 3 Interactions

41
Standardized effects of background
characteristics on qualified volunteering
commitment
Resource / Constraint
42
Standardized effects of volunteering experiences
on qualified volunteering commitment
Resource / Constraint
43
Standardized effects of empowerment and social
capital on qualified volunteering commitment
Resource / Constraint
44
Standardized effects of interactions on qualified
volunteering commitment
Need fulfillment
Affinity
45
Predicting volunteering competence

• Regression analysis
• Block 1 Basic backgrounds
• Block 2 Volunteering experiences and
  self-concepts
• Block 3 Interactions

46
Standardized effects of background
characteristics on volunteering competence
Resource / Constraint
47
Standardized effects of volunteering experiences
on volunteering competence
Learning from frustration
48
Standardized effects of empowerment and social
capital on volunteering competence
Resource / Constraint
49
Standardized effects of interactions on
volunteering competence
Need fulfillment
Affinity
50
Olympic vs. local volunteering

• ? Volunteering endurance, volunteering
  performance
• National significance, norm
• Rewarding, exchange
• Support, empowerment, resources

51
Factors related to volunteering

• Resources, capital, empowerment, dominant status
• Not psychoanalytic
• Consistency
• Need fulfillment
• Affinity
• Sequential specificity
• Incompletion

52
Resources

• Volunteering competence
• ? Volunteering commitment
• Empowerment for upgrading
• ? Volunteering endurance
• Social capital from other volunteers
• ? Volunteering commitment, qualified commitment
• Non-student
• ? Volunteering endurance
• Self-esteem
• ? Volunteering commitment
• Cadre
• ? Volunteering commitment, qualified commitment,
  competence
• Teacher
• ? Volunteering competence

53
Consistency

• Volunteering duration this time
• ? Volunteering endurance
• Volunteering commitment before
• ? Volunteering performance

54
Need fulfillment

• Volunteering performance Protection motive
• ? Volunteering endurance
• Empowerment for managing Non-manager
• ? Volunteering endurance
• Empowerment for managing Social motive
• ? Qualified volunteering commitment
• Empowerment for decision making Protection
  motive
• ? Volunteering competence

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Affinity/fitness

• Volunteering endurance
• ? Volunteering commitment before
• Teacher
• Volunteering variety
• ? Local volunteering Low income
• ? Volunteering commitment before Volunteering
  variety
• Qualified volunteering commitment
• ? Volunteering commitment before low
  self-determination
• Volunteering performance
• ? Volunteering competence Social capital from
  other volunteers
• Volunteering competence
• Empowering for management Manager

56
Sequential specificity

• Volunteering history Understanding motive
• ? low Volunteering endurance

57
References

• Ascoli, Ugo, and Ram A. Cnaan. 1997.
  "Volunteering for Human Service Provisions
  Lessons from Italy and the U.S.A." Social
  Indicators Research 40299-327.
• Chiricos, Ted, Sarah Eschholz, and Marc Gertz.
  1997. "Crime, News, and Fear of Crime Toward an
  Identification of Audience Effects." Social
  Problems 44(3)342-357.
• Clary, E. Gil, Mark Snyder, Robert D. Ridge, John
  Copeland, Arthur A. Stukas, Julie Haugen, and
  Peter Miene. 1998. "Understanding and Assessing
  the Motivations of Volunteers A Functional
  Approach." Journal of Personality Social
  Psychology 74(6)1516-1530.
• Cnaan, Ram A., and Toni A. Cascio. 1999.
  "Performance and Commitment Issues in Management
  of Volunteers in Human Service Organization."
  Administration in Social Work 24(3/4)1-38.
• Cress, Daniel M., J. Miller McPherson. 1997.
  "Competition and Commitment in Voluntary
  Memberships The Paradox of Persistence and
  Participation." Sociological Perspectives
  40(1)61-79.
• Dawkins, Casey J. 2006. "Are Social Networks the
  Ties that Bind Families to Neighborhoods."
  Housing Studies 21(6)867-881.
• Edwards, Bob, Linda Mooney, and Carl Heald. 2001.
  "Community Organizations." Nonprofit Voluntary
  Sector Quarterly 30(3)444-461.
• Hodgkinson, Virginia A. 2003. "Volunteering in
  Global Perspective." Pp.35-53 in The Values of
  Volunteering Cross-cultural Perspectives, edited
  by Paul Dekker and Loek Halman. New York Kluwer.
  

58
References

• Jones, Keely S. 2006. "Giving and Volunteering as
  Distinct Forms of Civic Engagement The Role of
  Community Integration and Personal Resources in
  Formal Helping." Nonprofit Voluntary Sector
  Quarterly 35(2)249-266.
• Liu, Chien. 2000. "A Theory of Marital Sexual
  Life." Journal of Marriage the Family
  62(2)363-374.
• Midlarsky, Elizabeth, and Eva Kahana. 1994.
  Altruism in Late Life. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage.
• Oesterle, Sabrina, Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson,
  and Jeylan T. Mortimer. 2004. "Volunteerism
  during the Transition to Adulthood A Life Course
  Perspective." Social Forces 82(3)1123-1149.
• Okun, Morris A. 1994. "The Relation between
  Motives for Organizational Volunteering and
  Frequency of Volunteering by Elders." Journal of
  Applied Gerontology 13(2)115-125.
• Ozcan, Yasar A., Ramesh K. Shukla, and Laura H.
  Tyler. 1997. "Organizational Performance in the
  Community Mental Health Care System The Need
  Fulfillment Perspective." Organization Science
  8(2)176-191.
• Reed, Paul B., and L. Kevin Selbee. 2000.
  "Distinguishing Characteristics of Active
  Volunteers in Canada." Nonprofit Voluntary
  Sector Quarterly 29(4)471-592.

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References

• Smith, David Horton. 1980. Participation in
  Social and Political Activities A Comprehensive
  Analysis of Political Involvement, Expressive
  Leisure Time, and Helping Behavior. San
  Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass.
• Tang, Fengyan. 2006. "What Resources Are Needed
  for Volunteerism? A Life Course Perspective."
  Journal of Applied Gerontology 25(5)375-390.
• Thoits, Peggy A., and Lyndi N. Hewitt. 2001.
  "Volunteer Work and Well-being." Journal of
  Health Social Behavior 42115-131.
• Wheeler, Judith A., Kevin M. Gorey, and Bernard
  Greenblatt. 1998. "The Beneficial Effect of
  Volunteering for Older Volunteers and the People
  They Serve A Meta-analysis." International
  Journal of Aging and Human Development
  47(1)69-79.
• Wilson, John, and Marc A. Musick. 1997. "Work and
  Volunteering The Long Arm of the Job." Social
  Forces 76(1)251-272.
• Wilson, John, and Marc A. Musick. 1999a.
  "Attachment to Volunteering." Sociological Forum
  14(2)243-272.
• Wilson, John. 2000. "Volunteering." Annual Review
  of Sociology 26215-240.

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Welcome to further queries Tit-wing Lo
t.wing.lo_at_cityu.edu.hk Chau-kiu Cheung
ssjacky_at_cityu.edu.hk City University of Hong Kong
61
Completion, resource exhaustion (negative impact)

• Volunteering competence Volunteering duration
• ? Volunteering endurance
• Volunteering performance Volunteering duration
• ? Volunteering endurance
• Olympic volunteer Volunteering duration
• ? Volunteering endurance