Title: PowerPointPrsentation
1Ethics of Human Water Use An Interactive,
Transdisciplinary Inquiry
Group 1 Environmental Policy, Governance and
Ethics Katherine (USA) Saka (SLO) Petra
(SLO) Aare (EST) Basia (AUS) Michael (AUT) Ioana
(FRA)
2Welcome to the World Water Museum. July 13,
2070, Special ExhibititionA Thirst for
Sustainability
3Guiding Symbol for Sustainable Development of
Water Issues
4In the beginning, there was water . .
. Back in 2007, water was still a point
of disagreement for world citizens.
5Your Planet 70 Water
97 Saltwater
18 of the worlds population has no access to
clean water.
2 of water is locked in the polar ice caps
1 fresh water
Your Body 70 water
50 of the freshwater is polluted.
6- Of all available water
- 70 agricultural use
- 20 industrial
- 10 domestic
7DOMESTIC WATER USE
Approximate water use per day, per
person Europeans . . . . . . . . . . 150-250
L Australians . . . . . . . . . . 350 L North
Americans. . . . . . .380-600 L
8Relic of the Past?
Water metering in Europe has reduced domestic
water use to 25 of all European water use.
9Flushing Away a Valuable Resource
- One flush of a North American toilet uses about
20 L of water, and a standard European toilet
uses about 9 litres of water per flush. - In most developing nations, the average person
must survive on only 3 litres of water per day. - statistical source 2006 United Nations Human
Development Report.
10Key Ethical Concerns
- Anthropocentric vs.
- Ecocentric
- Relationships
- The Water Cycle
- as a Natural Regulator
- Cross-cultural
- Difference
- and Equality
- Intergenerational
- Resources
- Social Risks
11Questions of Permanance
- Water molecules do not stay in one place water
changes states. - Like energy, water is more or less conserved. It
is a renewable resource due to the water cycle. - Although water is neither created nor destroyed,
it can be contaminated, salinated, removed from
aquifers or otherwise made unavailable. - When human beings transform land, they may reduce
the availability of water.
12Water as a Human Right
- Human lifemobility and autonomyrelies on water
availability. - Should each person be limited to a certain amount
of water? - Who ensures that water rights are continually
protected under law? - The Precautionary Principle
- -The consequences of water
- reappropriation are uncertain.
- (-Drought and flooding.
- -Rural vs. Urban
- -Land-locked water
- -Permissive contamination)
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14Water cycle
15Where do we think drinking water comes from?
16Actually where water comes from
17Water extraction
18Water extraction
19Water extraction
- Drilling making boreholes
20Water extraction
21Legislation
Water Framework Directive (WFD)
- The EU WFD establishes a Community framework
according to which Member States must ensure the
protection of inland surface waters, transitional
waters, coastal waters and groundwater by 2015. - in order to
- Prevent and reduce pollution
- Promote sustainable water use based on a
long-term protection of available resources - Protect the aquatic environment
- Improve the status of aquatic ecosystems and
- Mitigate the effects of floods and droughts
22Legislation
WFD
- Being a document that brings together different
directives in a common framework, the EU WFD
addresses several topics related to water,
including - Environmental objectives
- River basins
- Protected areas
- Drinking water
- Water quality
- Water pricing
23Legislation
WFD
Member States are required to take measures to
prevent deterioration and aim to achieve good
status for both surface water and groundwater
bodies by 2015.
24Slovene Legislation
- Constitution
- Environment protection Law
- Water law
25Example (Ljubljana Aquifer)
26Example (Ljubljana Aquifer)
1STprotection zone, with the most strict
protection regime 2ndprotection zone, with
strict protection regime 3rdprotection zone,
with mild protection regime.
27Example (Ljubljana Aquifer)
28Example (Ljubljana Aquifer)
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34Irrigation
- One of the most important activities in farming
35History of irrigation
36canals
37reservoires
38qanats
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40The evolution of irrigation was unstopable
- That lead to more and more irrigation all ower
the world
41Extent of irrigation
- In 2000, at the global scale 278.8 mio ha (689
mio acres) of agricultural land was equipped with
irrigation infrastructure.
42- The largest areas of high irrigation density are
found in - India and Pakistan (Ganges, Indus)
- China (Hai He, Huang He, Yangtze basin)
- Egypt and Sudan (Nile)
- California (Mississippi-Missouri river basin)
- 68 Asia
- 17 America
- 9 Europe
- 5 Africa
- 1 Oceania
43Types of irrigation
44Center pivot irrigation
Lateral move irrigation
Drip irrigation
Sprinkler irrigation
Bubbler irrigation
45 46 47Sources of irrigation water
- Surfacewater
- Rivers
- Lakes
- Reservoirs of non conventional sources
- treated wastewater
- desalinated water
- drainage water
- Spate irrigation floodwater harvesting
- Water concentration method rainwater harvesting
- Groundwater
- Springs
- Wells
48Problems in irrigation
- Competition for surface water rights
- Depletion of underground aquifers
- Ground subsidence
- Buildup of toxic salts on soil in areas of high
evaporation - Overirrigation because of poor distribution
uniformity or management wastes water, chemicals,
and may lead to water pollution
49Legislation regarding irrigation
- European Water Direction
- It leaves some questions to the national level of
deciding such as when, how and how much to
irrigate
- EC Treaty
- Article 5
- Article 175
- (european level E. Council and E.
Commision unanimous decisions)
50Precaution
Babilonia
Aral Sea
51- Do not repeat the mistakes from the past!
52Used WATER is WASTEWATER?
53Understanding where and how much water we use is
the FIRST step in beginning to conserve one of
our most precious resources.
54Shower per person average 10 min flow rate 20
L/min (standard) ? 200 liters 7.5 L/min (low
flow) ? 75 liters Once per day ? 73,000 L 73 m3
(27,375 L 27.4 m3) per year
Toilet per person ........ per day 20 L
(standard toilet) 6 L (low volume toilet)
4 times per day ? 29,200 L per year (standard
toilet) 8,760 l per year (low volume toilet)
55Wastewater 99.94 of water (H2O), 0.06 of
the dissolved and suspended solid material The
properties of wastewater suspended particles
(100 to 350 mg/L). The strength of the
wastewater Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5). An
indicator of disease-causing organisms -
Colicorm bacteria
56UNTREATED WASTEWATER
57URBAN WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Today most of the EU population is conncted to
sewage networks. Central Europe and Nordic
countries most wastewater receives tertiary
treatment (removal of organic matter and
nutrients) Southern and some Central Europe
most wastewater receives secondary treatment
(removal of organic matter) Some large cities
still discharge wastewater nearly untreated.
58WASTEWATER POLICY
1973 World Health Organization (WHO) Reuse of
effluents. Methods of wastewater treatment and
public health safeguard (only technically
oriented!) 1989 WHO Health guidelines for
the use of wastewater in agriculture and
aquaculture (also policy level!) 2006 WHO
Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater,
excreta and greywater (1st volume for policy!)
591991 European Council The Urban Wastewater
Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) 2005
European Union Urban Waste Water Treatment
Directive (UWWTD)
60- Each person needs pure water for his (or her)
life. - (Water is the source of all life Thales of
Miletus, 634-546 BC) - Using more water ? generation more wastewater
- Using less water ? generation less wastewater
- EUREKA! (?)
- What about the quality of life?
- How to do it? Through directives
- New technology
- Knowledge of sustainability
61- (pipe-end) SOLUTIONS
- Bigger WWTP? Where? Whose land?
- Bigger pipeline? Whose land? Sedimentation?
- Faster treatment? microorganisms live their
life! - Smaller volume of wastewater - How?
62Would you like to have this in your backyard?
Maybe this one?
63The case of López Ostra v. Spain in The European
Court of Human Rights Mrs Gregoria López Ostra
and her husband and their two daughters had their
home a few hundred metres from the town centre.
The town of Lorca has a heavy concentration of
leather industries. Several tanneries belonging
to a limited company called SACURSA, had a plant
for the treatment of liquid and solid waste
built with a State subsidy on municipal land
twelve metres away from the applicant's
home. The smells, fumes and noise did not
constitute a serious risk to the health of the
families living in its vicinity but, rather,
impaired their quality of life. On 18 September
1991 the court ordered that the plant should be
closed.
64What can I do for tomorrow? It is easier to
solve little problems before the beginning of
the pipe. We have to put sustainability into our
practical habits of water using. Is it too much
to do??
65We can start from these GENERAL DIRECTIVES for
WATER
The EC WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE (WFD)
(2000/60/EC) AUSTRALIAN WATER INITIATIVE
2004 USA no national framework eastern
states the doctrine of riparian rights western
states water as a kind of private property
(commodity)
66WE ALSO NEED PURE WATER!
67What did governments and business do when they
had the chance?And..
- An Australian perspective
68Questions
- Who is involved?
- What are their interests?
- How can stakeholders be managed for
- a sustainable future?
69Key Stakeholders
Business Interest
Self Interest
PRIVATE / PUBLIC SECTOR CONSUMERS
PRIVATE SECTOR SUPPLIERS e.g. MNCs
DISTRIBUTION
PUBLIC AS CONSUMERS
WATER SUPPLIERS
SEWAGE TREATMENT
Public Interest
GOVERNMENT / LAW MAKERS
PUBLIC AS LAW MAKING PARTICIPANTS
NGOs
MEDIA
70Protecting water supply The policy makers of
Europe
- Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament
and of the Council - of 23 October 2000
- establishing a framework for community action in
the field of water policy - Water is not a commercial product, but a heritage
which must be protected, defended and treated as
such - Article 9 Recovery of costs for water services
in accordance with polluter pays? principle. By
2010 - Pricing incentives for efficient users
- Pricing adjusted adequately by type of user e.g.
household, industry and agriculture
What kind of moral questions ARISE FROM THIS LAW?
71Protecting water supply The policy makers of
Europe
WE CAN SEE THAT THE QUESTION OF PRICING IS JUST
ONE WAY THAT WATER SUPPLY CAN BE CONTROLLED FOR
SUSTAINABILITY.
- "some for all rather than all for some" equity
of access limiting access - Clarify the roles and responsibilities of
different levels of government and local
communities in construction, ownership,
management, administration, operation and
maintenance of water supplies - Hygiene and health education to increase the
beneficial impact of water supplies - The economics of water supply including cost
recovery, capital financing, water tariffs -
instruments such as stepped tariffs (levels
adjusted to local conditions) - The role of NGOs and the private sector in water
supply
72Lets look at the private sector in some more
detail
- Privatisation This term was commonly used
towards the end of the 1980s to describe the
increase in private involvement - Private sector participation (PSP) PSP refers to
the role that the private sector can play in the
delivery of services. There are varying degrees
of private sector involvement from service
contracts to concessions. - Public-private partnership (PPP) PPP
acknowledges the key role that both the public
and private sectors have in service provision. - PPP was carried out by institutions which have
elements of both public and private involvement. - The two main methods of operation are
- Corporatisation
- Public-private joint ventures
73Businesses at the turn of the century
- "Investment in sustainability will create one of
the biggest opportunities for - wealth generation and wealth preservation the
world has ever seen. EBAs goal - is to make sure that Australia becomes one of the
international sustainability - superpowers.
- Fiona Wain, CEO, Environment Business Australia
"It is a great credit to all the people in
Westpac that we have again been judged as the
best bank globally for sustainability and
responsible business practices for the fifth year
in a row. This is a clear reflection of our
continued focus on managing ethically and our
success in embedding 'doing the right thing' into
the way we do business."Westpac CEO, David
Morgan, 2007
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75Global Rainfall Trends
The thirty-year (1961-90) pattern of annual mean
rainfall over the globe (mm). Source Australian
Government Bureau of Meteorology
76Trend in Australian average annual rainfall over
time
Source Australian Government Bureau of
Meteorology
77Average Annual Rainfall
Average annual rainfall for Australia - based on
the 30-year period 1961-90.
Source Australian Government Bureau of
Meteorology
78Australia a sunburnt country of droughts and
flooding rains ...
79Water use in Australia in 2005
(a) Includes Services to agriculture hunting and
trapping. (b) Includes Sewage and drainage
services.(c) Includes water losses.
80Climate change as a threat to water supply -
Increased temperatures- Decreased rainfall-
Increased occurrence of extreme weather
conditions
- ?one in a 1,000-year drought, or possibly even
drier." - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation (CSIRO), 2006 - Further predictions
- Rainfall in parts of eastern Australia could drop
by 40 by 2070 - Temperatures could rise by 7 by 2070
- By 2030,the risk of bushfires will be higher,
droughts will be more severe and rainfall and
stream run-off will be lower - Water management experts say that Australia's
long-term climate is changing - "When the drought breaks we will not return to
cooler, wetter conditions. It is the worst type
of - drought because we are not expecting to return
back to the old regime. The last half of last
century - was much wetter. What we seem to have done is ...
built Australia on the assumption that it was - going to be wetter, and we haven't been prepared
to make the change back to a much drier regime." - Mike Young, Professor, University of Adelaide
81Who ?owns?and manages water in Australia?
- Water in Australia remains a public good in legal
terms - Environmental matters are left to the State and
Terriroties to control, however regulation of
water resources can transcend boundaries - 1992 establishment of Council of Australian
Governments to negotiate over cross-jurisdictional
matters such as water management - National Water Initiative greater emphasis on
the Commonwealth government to direct, coordinate
and control water - Water for the environment
- Water trading e.g. Murray Darling Basin
- However, environment has to compete with other
users in the market in the face of changing
knowledge of ecosystem requirements
82- The two essential "phases" of sustainability
- The initiation phase is the establishment of the
service - Recognition that a service is needed
- Determining demand
- Planning
- Design and construction of infrastructure
- Establishment of governance structure
- The ongoing phase is the rest of the service's
life - Operating the services to satisfy customers
- Collecting revenue
- Maintenance of infrastructure and administration
- The primary objective of most governments in the
field of water supply and sanitation is
sustainable service delivery at local level. - The challenge is to identify the factors which
will promote sustainability in both phases of
service provision. - Because development and service provision are
primarily human processes, however, the debate
about sustainability and best practice will
continue.
83So Who is responsible?
84Welcome to the cultural dimension of water
85Thales of Milet
86Empedocles
87Georg Friedrich Haendel
88Burt Bacharach
89Deep Purple
90The Beatles
91Jean Claude Monet Le Havre
92Jean Baptiste Chardin Can with water
93Lukas Walcher Water or Oil
94Tromostovje (The Three Bridges)
95Austria
96House of Water
97Sources of austrian identity
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99Vor Ausverkauf des heimischen Wassers?
Kein Ausverkauf von Wasser!
Der grosse Ausverkauf!
Schleichender Ausverkauf!
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101Should water be a common good or should water be
owned by someone (one human right is the right of
property!)
102Should water be extracted from the water circle
in Austria to save lives in third world countries
that are lacking water - even when the ecological
system in Austria is affected?
103Should water be delivered to Third World
Countries, even when the Public does not agree
with that (because of ecological reasons or
cultural reasons)? How should we response to the
problem, that maybe a democratic decision is not
an ethical good decision at all?
104International Water Summit, WWM, Ljubljana
-A transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary
analysis regarding the ethical dimension of
water use-
105Interdisciplinarity-An Inside Scoop
106Understanding NGOs Role in Sustainable Water Use
- Environmentalism
- Brief History of NGOs
- Agenda 21 and its 3rd section
- How can we implement solutions?
-
107Timeline of Environmental Movements Regarding
Water
- 1388 Parlament passes an act forbidding the
throwing of filth and garbage into ditches,
rivers and waters. City of Cambridge also passes
the first urban sanitary laws in England. - 1762 to 1769 Philadelphia committee led by
Benjamin Franklin attempts to regulate waste
disposal and water pollution. - 1970 Arne Næss leads the non-violent civil
disobedience protest against damming of the
Mardalsfossen waterfall, later publishing on the
deep ecology philosophy. - 1972 the Oslo Convention on dumping waste at
sea, later merged with the Paris Convention on
land-based sources of marine pollution into the
Convention for the Protection of the Marine
Environment of the North-East Atlantic. - 1977 Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act.
- 1992 World Ocean Day began on 8 June at the
Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. - 2003 The world's largest reservoir, the Three
Gorges Dam begins filling 1 June. - 2004 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake causes large
tsunamis, killing nearly a quarter of a million
people.
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109Media Involvement-a case study of how we can
make a change-
- FACT corporations urge local governments to
privatize municipal water - CONSEQUENCE communities around the world are
organizing to ensure affordable access to this
life sustaining resource - TAKING AN ACTION use of art in order to touch
public opinion - (Water Warrior, Liz Miller)
110Make your commitment!GET INVOLVED
- Laundry
- Home Appliances
- In the Bathroom
- JOIN An Environmental Association
111Transdisciplinarity-An Inside Scoop
112No water, no school
- A 15 increase in Bangladeshi school attendance
when water hauling time is reduced - A 12 increase in Tanzanian school attendance
when water is available within 15 minutes instead
of being more than an hour away - 11 more girls attend school when there are
sanitation facilities available offering proper
privacy
113Making Water Tourism More Sustainable
- The average tourist uses as much water in 24
hours as a third world villager would use to
produce rice for 100 days. - A single luxury hotel in a Third World country
can use 66,000 gallons of water a day. - In Goa women have to walk further and further to
fetch fresh water as the booming tourism industry
soaks it up for hotels.
114Sustainable Water Transport
- the lowest air pollution
- the lowest noise generation
- the lowest load of the surrounding water and soil
- the lowest accident incidence.
115Are we?
116- For all at last returns to the sea -- to
Oceanus, the ocean river, like the everflowing
stream of time, the beginning and the end. _
Rachel Carson
117- To Conclude,
- Poverty, power struggle and sociogeographic
inequality lie at the root of the human water
crisis, rather than a natural water scarcity. - Therefore, the water crisis is an ethical
problem it must be addressed in terms of
economics, law and human rights, supported by
scientific inquiry and diplomacy. -
- Water issues provide an excellent framework for
engaging all people in environmental action and
sustainability dialogue.