Opening image

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Opening image
Urinary System
Homeostasis
Body systems maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis is essential for survival of cells
Cells
Cells make up body systems
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Figure 14.1Page 513
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal pyramid
Renal pelvis
Renal artery
Ureter
Renal vein
Kidney
Inferior vena cava
Aorta
Urinary bladder
Ureter
Urethra
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Figure 14.2Page 513
Female
Male
Ureter
Smooth muscle of bladder wall
Prostate gland (an accessory sex gland)
Ureteral openings
Urethra
Internal sphincter
Bulbourethral glands (accessory sex glands)
External urethral orifice
Pelvic diaphragm
External sphincter
Urethra
External urethral orifice
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Figure 14.3Page 514
Distal tubule
Proximal tubule
Collecting duct
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Efferent arteriole
Afferent arteriole
Bowmans capsule
Glomerulus
Artery
Vein
Cortex Medulla
Peritubular capillaries
Loop of Henle
To renal pelvis
Overview of Functions of Parts of a Nephron
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Figure 14.5Page 515
Distal tubule
Distal tubule
Glomerulus
Proximal tubule
Bowmans capsule
Proximal tubule
Cortex
Medulla
Loop of Henle
Collecting duct
Descending limb of loop of Henle
Other nephrons emptying into the same collecting
duct
Vasa recta
Ascending limb of loop of Henle
To renal pelvis
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Figure 14.6Page 516
Afferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole
Glomerulus
80 of the plasma that enters the glomerulus is
not filtered and leaves through the efferent
arteriole.
GF
Bowmans capsule
TR
20 of the plasma that enters the glomerulus is
filtered.
Peritubular capillary
TS
Kidney tubule (entire length, uncoiled)
To venous system (conserved for the body)
Urine excretion (eliminated from the body)
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Figure 14.7Page 517
Blood pathway
Venous blood
Glomerular capillaries
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Filtrate pathway
Bowmans capsule
Tubule (from proximal tubule to collecting duct)
Urine
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Figure 14.8 (1)Page 518
Afferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Lumen of glomerular capillary
Bowmans capsule
Endothelial cell
Lumen of Bowmans capsule
Basement membrane
(see next slide)
Outer layer of Bowmans capsule
Podocyte foot process
Inner layer of Bowmans capsule (podocytes)
Proximal convoluted tubule
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Figure 14.8 (2)Page 518
Podocyte foot process
Filtration slit
Basement membrane
Capillary pore
(see next slide)
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Figure 14.8 (3)Page 518
Endothelial cell
Capillary pore
Lumen of glomerular capillary
Basement membrane
Lumen of Bowmans capsule
Filtration slit
Podocyte foot process
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http//biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BIO189/Lab11/SEMgl
omerulus.htm
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Figure 14.10Page 520
Glomerulus
Glomerular capillary blood pressure
Afferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole
Arterial blood pressure (increases blood flow
into the glomerulus)
Net filtration pressure
GFR
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Fig. 14.11aPage 521
Glomerulus
Glomerular capillary blood pressure
Afferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole
Net filtration pressure
Vasoconstriction (decreases blood flow into the
glomerulus)
GFR
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Fig. 14.11bPage 521
Glomerulus
Afferent arteriole
Glomerular capillary blood pressure
Efferent arteriole
Net filtration pressure
Vasodilation (increases blood flow into the
glomerulus)
GFR
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Fig. 14.12 (1)Page 522
Distal tubule
Efferent arteriole
Bowmans capsule
(see next slide)
Afferent arteriole
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Fig. 14.12 (2)Page 522
Efferent arteriole
Endothelial cell
Lumen of Bowmans capsule
Smooth muscle cell
Glomerular capillaries
Macula densa
Podocyte
Granular cells
Distal tubule
Afferent arteriole
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Figure 14.13Page 523
Arterial blood pressure
Driving pressure into glomerulus
Glomerular capillary pressure
GFR
Rate of fluid flow through tubules
Stimulation of macula densa cells to
release vasoactive chemicals
Chemicals released that induce afferent
arteriolar vasoconstriction
Blood flow into glomerulus
Glomerular capillary pressure to normal
GFR to normal
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Figure 14.14Page 523
Long-term adjustment for
Short-term adjustment for
Arterial blood pressure
Detection by aortic arch and carotid sinus
baroreceptors
Arterial blood pressure
Cardiac output
Sympathetic activity
Total peripheral resistance
Generalized arteriolar vasoconstriction
Afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction
Glomerular capillary blood pressure
GFR
Urine volume
Conservation of fluid and salt
Arterial blood pressure
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Fig. 14.15aPage 524
Glomerular capillary lumen
Glomerular basement membrane
Glomerular capillary loop
Filtration slit
Bowmans capsule lumen
Podocyte foot processes
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Fig. 14.15bPage 524
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Figure 14.16Page 525
Renal blood flow (1,140 ml/min)
For purpose of plasma being adjusted and
purified by kidneys (also nourishes
kidneysminor role)
Total cardiac output (5,000 ml/min)
Delivered to all other tissues (3,860 ml/min)
For purpose of supplying O2 and nutrients and
removing wastes
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Figure 14.17Page 526
Interstitial fluid
Peritubular capillary
Tubular lumen
Tubular epithelial cell
Plasma
Filtrate
Tight junction
Lateral space
Luminal membrane
Basolateral membrane
Capillary wall
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Figure 14.18Page 527
Peritubular capillary
Lumen
Tubular cell
Interstitial fluid
Diffusion
Na channel
Active transport
Basolateral Na K ATPase carrier
Lateral space
Diffusion
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Figure 14.19Page 529
NaCl / ECF volume / Arterial blood
pressure
H2O conserved
Adrenal cortex
Liver
Kidney
Lungs
Kidney
Na (and CI) osmotically hold more H2O in ECF
Na (and CI) conserved
Angiotensin- converting enzyme
Renin
Na reabsorption by kidney tubules (
CI reabsorption follows passively)
Angiotensinogen
Angiotensin I
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
Vasopressin
Thirst
Arteriolar vasoconstriction
H2O reabsorption by kidney tubules
Fluid intake
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Figure 14.20Page 530
Helps correct
Helps correct
NaCl / ECF volume / Arterial blood pressure
Cardiac atria
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Salt-conserving renin-angiotensin- aldosterone
system
Na reabsorption by kidney tubules
Sympathetic nervous system
Smooth muscle of afferent arterioles
Afferent arteriolar vasodilation
Cardiac output
Total peripheral resistance
GFR
Arterial blood pressure
Na excretion in urine
Na and H2O filtered
H2O excretion in urine
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Fig. 14.21 (1)Page 532
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Fig. 14.21 (2)Page 532
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Figure 14.22Page 533
Peritubular capillary
Lumen
Proximal tubular cell
Interstitial fluid
Osmosis
Water channel
Hydrostatic pressure
Osmosis
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Figure 14.23Page 534
Glomerulus
Peritubular capillary
Bowmans capsule
125 ml of filtrate
Beginning of proximal tubule
Na (active)
H2O (osmosis)
Na (active)
H2O (osmosis)
44 ml of filtrate
End of proximal tubule
Passive diffusion of urea down its concentration
gradient
Urea molecules
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Figure 14.24Page 535
Peritubular capillary
Lumen
Proximal tubular cell
Interstitial fluid
Diffusion
K channel
Active transport
Diffusion
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Figure 14.25Page 536
Na/ ECF volume/ arterial pressure
Renin
Angiotensin I
Angiotensin II
Plasma K
Aldosterone
Tubular K secretion
Tubular Na reabsorption
Urinary K excretion
Urinary Na excretion
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Fig. 14.26aPage 539
Peritubular capillary
Glomerulus
Tubule
In urine
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Fig. 14.26bPage 539
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Fig. 14.26cPage 539
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Fig. 14.26dPage 539
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Figure 14.27Page 539
Medulla
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Fig. 14.28a (1)Page 542
Glomerulus
Bowmans capsule
Proximal tubule
Distal tubule
Cortex
Medulla
Long loop of Henle
Collecting tubule
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Fig. 14.28a (2)Page 542
From proximal tubule
To distal tubule
Medullary interstitial fluid
Medullary interstitial fluid
Descending limb of loop of Henle of
juxtamedullary nephron
Ascending limb of loop of Henle of
juxtamedullary nephron
Initial scene
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Fig. 14.28bPage 543
Step 1
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Fig. 14.28cPage 543
From proximal tubule
To distal tubule
Step 2
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Fig. 14.28dPage 542
Step 3
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Fig. 14.28ePage 542
From proximal tubule
To distal tubule
Step 4
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Fig. 14.28fPage 543
Step 5
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Fig. 14.28gPage 543
From proximal tubule
To distal tubule
Step 6 and on
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Figure 14.29Page 544
Peritubular capillary plasma
Tubular lumen filtrate
Distal tubular cell
Increases permeability of luminal membrane to
H2O by inserting new water channels
Water channel
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Figure 14.30aPage 546
Filtrate has concentration of 100 mosm/liter as
it enters distal and collecting tubules
From proximal tubule
Distal tubule
Cortex
Loop of Henle
Medulla
In the face of a water deficit
Collecting tubule
Concentration of urine may be up to 1,200
mosm/liter as it leaves collecting tubule
portions of tubule impermeable to H2O
passive diffusion of H2O
permeability to H2O increased by vasopressin

active transport of NaCl
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Figure 14.30bPage 546
From proximal tubule
Filtrate has concentration of 100 mosm/liter as
it enters distal and collecting tubules
Distal tubule
Cortex
Loop of Henle
Medulla
In the face of a water excess
Collecting tubule
Concentration of urine may be as low as 100
mosm/liter as it leaves collecting tubule
portions of tubule impermeable to H2O
passive diffusion of H2O
permeability to H2O increased by vasopressin

active transport of NaCl
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Figure 14.31aPage 547
From efferent arteriole
Cortex of kidney
Medulla of kidney
To vein
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Figure 14.31bPage 547
From efferent arteriole
To vein
Cortex of kidney
Medulla of kidney
Vasa recta
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Figure 14.32Page 552
Reflex control
Voluntary control
Bladder fills
Cerebral cortex
Stretch receptors
Parasympathetic nerve
Motor neuron to external sphincter
Bladder
External urethral sphincter opens when motor
neuron is inhibited
Bladder contracts
Internal urethral sphincter mechanically opens
when bladder contracts
External urethral sphincter remains closed when
motor neuron is stimulated
No urination
Urination
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Figure 14.33Page 552
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Animation
Countercurrent
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Animation
Renal Anatomy
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Animation
Renal Processes 1
Click to view animation.
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Animation
Renal Processes 2
Click to view animation.
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Animation
Urine Concentration
Click to view animation.