Genetics

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Genetics
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Gamete Production

• Gametogenesis sex cells produced by the ovaries
  and the testicles
• Sperm - spermatogenesis
• Ova oogenesis
• Meiosis cell division of gametes
• Haploid cells One chromosome

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Meiotic Division
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Fertilization

• Form a zygote 2 haploid chromosomes combine
• Diploid cell pair of chromosomes
• Ova
• Sperm
• Begin mitotic division cells replicate
• Increase in the number of cells present

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Meiotic Division
Mitotic Division
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DNA

• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Two-stranded structure of nucleotides that are
  wrapped together and connected to a base
• double helix
• Contains segments of genes
• Each gene is a code for a protein
• Hair color
• Eye color
• Potential for muscle
• Potential for intelligence, etc.

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DNA

• Amino acids are the building block of proteins
• Amino acids components
• A- Adenine
• T- Thymine
• G- Guanine
• C- Cytosine
• Complementary base pairs
• An amino acid match
• A and T
• G and C
• 26 amino acid
• Each protein has an amino acid code

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DNA
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RNA

• Ribonucleic acid RNA
• Transcription Reads amino acid sequences
• Translation synthesizes proteins
• Decides what protein needs to be made by reading
  the code

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Gene Basics

• Locus- where the gene is located on the
  chromosome
• Sex chromosomes X and Y
• Male XY Female XX
• Sperm XY
• Give an X or Y
• Ova XX
• Give an X
• Who determines the gender of the offspring???

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Gene Basics

• Alleles genes that occupy the locus site
• Homozygous alike at the locus
• Heterozygous different at the locus
• Dominant Allele this gene overpowers another
  gene
• Recessive Allele expression is over ridden if a
  dominant allele is present
• Example
• Polled (PP or Pp) vs. Horned (pp)
• Black Coat (BB or Bb) vs. Red (bb)

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Example

• Polled (PP or Pp) vs. Horned (pp)
• PP Homozygous Dominant
• Pp Heterozygous Dominant
• Pp Homozygous Recessive
• Black Coat (BB or Bb) vs. Red (bb)

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Punnetts Square

• Single trait inheritance
• Dam BB Sire Bb
• Dam Bb Sire Bb
• Dam bb Sire bb
• Dam BB Sire BB
• Dam BB Sire bb

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Punnetts Square

• Multiple trait inheritance
• Dam BBPP Sire BbPP
• Dam BbPP Sire Bbpp
• Dam bbPp Sire bbPP

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Gene Interactions

• Allelic Interactions
• Interaction between homologous alleles
• Affects heterosis and hybrid vigor
• Affect color
• Angus x Charolais
• Figure 12.14
• Sex-linked traits
• Many, many more types of gene interactions.

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Environment

• Genes can be affected by environment
• Internal body conditions
• External weather, feed, management, etc.
• Genotype vs. Phenotype

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What is biotechnology?

• using living organisms to improve, modify, or
  produce industrially important products or
  processes
• Examples
• Cultured products
• Genetic engineering sexed semen, cloning,
  embryo transfer, etc.
• BST or PST
• Use enzymes to clip specific parts of the DNA
  sequence to put into another animal
• In vitro process occurs at the cellular level,
  not to the whole animal

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Biotechnology Concerns

• Plant and animal productivity
• Use of genomes and breeding stock
• Disease resistance
• GMO
• Development of rapid tests
• Food safety
• Stem Cells

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• Chapter 12 Genetics
• What are gametes? What is their cell division
  process called?
• What happens to a cell at fertilization? What
  type of cell division does that newly formed cell
  undergo?
• What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
• Know the basic terms of genes.
• Be able to use a Punnett Square and tell the
  possible outcomes of a mating.
• What are some examples of gene interactions?
• What is biotechnology? Why are some people scared
  of this term?