Phys 001 Project 2

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electricity

• Phys 001 Project 2

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Group Members

• Meixi Chen
• Lisa McMeekin
• Yue Wu
• Meng Ma
• Chen Zhang

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Content

• The History of Electricity
• Electricity and Magnetism
• Modern Sources of Electricity
• Modern Uses for Electricity
• Connection to the Course

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Electricity

• What is Electricity?
• Electricity is a form of energy involving the
  flow of electrons.
• Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is
  one of our most widely used forms of energy.
• There are many inventors of electricity, but
  Thomas Edison, Joseph Swan, and James Watt are
  two of the most important ones.

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History of Electricity

• Thomas Edison Joseph Swan
• Edison, built the Direct Current (DC) generator
• Swan, a British scientist, invented the
  incandescent filament lamp and within twelve
  months Edison made a similar discovery in
  America.
• Swan and Edison later set up a joint company to
  produce the first practical filament lamp.
• Edison used his DC generator to illuminate the
  streets of NY with electric lamps

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History of Electricity
James Watt

• Scottish inventor of the steam condensing engine,
  was born in 1736.
• When Edison's generator was coupled with Watt's
  steam engine, large scale electricity generation
  was produced
• The unit of Power is Watt
• i.e. Light bulbs are measured In Watts

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Magnetism

• Because the electrons of the magnet spin in the
  same direction, North and South poles are
  created.
• Magnetic force flows from North pole to South
  pole creating a magnetic field.

• Opposite poles attract.
• Like poles repel.

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Electricity

• Electricity is the flow of electrons from one
  atom to the next.
• If there is a gap in the circuit, the flow of
  electrons stop.

• Static electricity is an attraction between
  negatively and positively charged materials.

This is not magnetism because the electric
charges stand on their own. Magnetism require
both a north and south pole together in order to
produce a magnetic field.
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Electromagnetics

• An electric current can move the magnetized
  needle of a compass depending on the direction of
  its flow.
• This means an electric current can produce a
  magnetic field.

• The direction of the magnetic field can be found
  by using the Right Hand Rule.
• Use left hand to follow negative charge.

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Electromagnetism

• If an electric current can produce a magnetic
  field than, a magnetic field can produce and
  electric current.
• As the magnet is moving through the coil a
  current is produced.
• More coils stronger current
• This type of electromagnetism is used in
  generator, induction motors, and transformers.

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Modern Sources of Electricity

• ---fossil fuels
• ---renewable energy source

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Fossil Fuels
There are three major forms of fossil fuels
coal, oil and natural gas. All three were formed
many hundreds of millions of years ago before the
time of the dinosaurs - hence the name fossil
fuels. The age they were formed is called the
Carboniferous Period. It was part of the
Paleozoic Era. "Carboniferous" gets its name from
carbon, the basic element in coal and other
fossil fuels.
Coal is a hard, black colored rock-like
substance. The earliest known use of coal was in
China. We get to the coal by mining for it. Most
coal is transported by trains to power plants
where it's burned to make steam. The steam turns
turbines, which produce electricity.
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Problem Global Warning
Emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases from
electricity generation account for a significant
portion of world greenhouse gas emissions in the
United States, electricity generation accounts
for nearly 40 percent of emissions, the largest
of any source. Transportation emissions are close
behind, contributing about one-third of U.S.
production of carbon dioxide.
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Renewable Energy Sources

• Wind power
• sunlight (photovoltaics)
• water (hydropower)
• heat from the sun (solar thermal)
• underground steam and heat (geothermal)
• plant and animal waste (biomass)

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Wind Power
wind power generating capacity quadrupled between
1990 and 2003to 6,374 MW and DOE has projected
continued growth for this renewable power
source through 2025. On a percentage basis, wind
power capacity has been growing at a much higher
rate than other sources of electric
power generationan average annual growth rate of
28 percent during the period 1999 through 2003.
In addition, according to DOE, the U.S.
Midwest theoretically has enough wind power
potential to meet a significant portion of the
nations electricity needs.
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Sunlight (photovoltaics)
Photovoltaics is the direct conversion of light
into electricity at the atomic level. Some
materials exhibit a property known as the
photoelectric effect that causes them to absorb
photons of light and release electrons. When
these free electrons are captured, an electric
current results that can be used as electricity.
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Hydropower
Swiftly flowing water in a big river, like the
Columbia River along the border between Oregon
and Washington, carries a great deal of energy in
its flow. So, too,with water descending rapidly
from a very high point, like Niagara Falls in New
York. In either instance, the water flows through
a pipe, or penstock,then pushes against and turns
blades in a turbine to spin a generator to
produce electricity. In a run-of-the-river
system, the force of the current applies the
needed pressure, while in a storage system, water
is accumulated in reservoirs created by dams,
then released when the demand for electricity is
high.
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The Applications of Electricity

• Nowadays, electricity has been adapted to huge
  and growing number of uses. It is extraordinary
  versatility as a source of energy means, which
  can be put to an almost limitless set of
  applications which include transports, lighting,
  heating,
• communications and computations. The backbone of
  modern industrial society is, and for the
  foreseeable future can be expected to remain, the
  use of electrical power.

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Lighting

• The invention of a practical incandescent
  light bulbs in the 1870s led to lighting becoming
  one of the first publicly available applications
  of electrical power. Although electrification
  brought with it its own dangers, replacing the
  naked flames of gas lighting greatly reduced fire
  hazards within homes and factories. Public
  utilities were set up in many cities targeting
  the burgeoning market for electrical lighting.

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Electric Heating

• Electric heating is any process in which
  electrical energy is converted to heat. Common
  applications include heating of buildings,
  cooking, and industrial processes .

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Telecommunication

• Telecommunication is the assisted transmission of
  signals over a distance for the purpose of
  communication. It has involved the use of smoke
  signals, drums, semaphore, flags or heliograph.
  In modern times, telecommunication typically
  involves the use of electronic devices such as
  the telephone, television, radio or computer.
  Telecommunication is an important part of the
  world economy and the telecommunication
  industry's revenue was estimated to be 1.2
  trillion in 2006.

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Connection to the Course

• In the class, we learnt that
• The force of attraction or repulsion depends upon
  the product of the charges q1q2
• Different type of circuit
• When charges are in motion new forces are created
  in addition to the electric forces
• Electricity can also create a magnetic field.

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New Insight

• We learnt the some early thoughts about
  electricity.
• Electricity and magnetism are fundamentally
  interlinked. Both magnetism lacking electricity,
  and electricity without magnetism, are
  inconsistent with special relativity.
• Different fuel sources used to make electricity
  and the modern use of the electricity.

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Bibliography

• http//www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/inde
  x.html
• http//www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/index.html
• http//www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/el
  ectricity.html
• http//www.gcsescience.com/pme5.htm
• http//inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blele
  ctric.htm
• http//www.electricityforum.com/electricity-histor
  y.html
• http//www.infinitepower.org/pdf/FactSheet-11.pdf
• http//www.gao.gov/new.items/d04756.pdf
• http//science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/solarcells
  .htmhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_heating
• http//images.google.com/images?gbv2hlenqtele
  communicationsaNstart18ndsp18