Help for Psychological Disorders:

1
Help for Psychological Disorders

• The Therapist, the Client, the Therapy

2
Types of Mental Health Workers

• What are some mental health professions discussed
  in the text?

3
Psychotherapy

• Clinical psychologists
• Hold a Ph.D or Psy.D, trained to conduct
  psychological testing and assessment, counseling,
  or research.

Freud's famous couch, in his London clinic
4
Psychotherapy

• Counselor
• Hold a Masters degree, and specialize in the
  treatment of certain types of problems

Freud's famous couch, in his London clinic
5
Community Programs

• Social Worker
• Hold a Masters degree in social work, usually
  work in a community mental health center or
  public agency.

Retrieved from http//www.socialpolicy.ca/cush/m5
/m5-t16.stm
6
Community Programs

• Rehabilitation psychologist
• Hold a Ph.D, help in community agencies, and help
  clients who have trouble fulfilling basic roles
  in life

Retrieved From http//www.neurocognitiveassociates
.com/
7
Biomedical Therapy

• Psychiatrists
• Hold a M.D., specialize in the treatment of
  mental disorders, and can prescribe medications.

Retrieved From http//www.tribuneindia.com/
2005/20050223/jobs/main1.htm
8
Biomedical Therapy

• Psychiatric nurse
• Hold Bachelors or Masters degree, may work in
  an inpatient mental health facility distributing
  medications and monitoring patients behavior.

Retrieved From http//www.tribuneindia.co
m/2005/20050223/jobs/main1.htm
9
Psychotherapy

• What are the different types of psychotherapy?

Retrieved
From
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10
Psychotherapy

• Psychodynamic Therapy
• Humanistic Therapy
• Behavioral Therapy
• Cognitive Therapy
• Eclectic Integrated

Retrieved From
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11
Psychodynamic Therapy
12
Psychodynamic Therapy

• What is the most well known type of psychodynamic
  therapy, who developed it?

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13
Psychodynamic Therapy

• Psychoanalysis developed by Freud
• Involves uncovering unconscious images and
  conflicts, then understanding their causes

Artist Andy Warhol
14
Psychodynamic Therapy

• What are psychodynamic techniques?

Retrieved
From
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15
Psychodynamic Therapy

• Free association
• Client says everything that comes mind
• Dream analysis
• Interpreting the meaning of clients dreams

Artist Michael Clough Title "Free Association
1"
16
Psychodynamic Therapy

• Transference
• Clients display intense feeling toward their
  analysts. Can help client work through repressed
  conflicts
• Interpretation
• Bringing the repressed conflicts and unconscious
  motivations to the clients attention

Artist Michael Clough Title "Free Association
1"
17
Psychodynamic Therapy

• How often is it used today?

Retrieved
From
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18
Psychodynamic Therapy

• Today psychoanalysis is rarely used, instead
  therapists are more active and goal-directed
• Today clients attend until a specific problem is
  solved, unlike in the past where they would
  attend 2 times a week for years

Artist Genevieve Cseh
19
Humanistic Therapy
20
Humanistic Therapy

• What is a well known type of Humanistic therapy,
  who developed it?

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21
Humanistic Therapy

• Client-centered therapy developed by Carl Rogers
• The therapist builds a supportive, warm
  environment and acts as facilitator in
  understanding the clients feelings

Drawing of Carl Rogers Artist Unknown
22
Humanistic Therapy

• What are the three techniques used in
  client-centered therapy?

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23
Humanistic Therapy

• Unconditional positive regard
• Respecting and accepting clients no regardless of
  what they say or do.

Artists Toni Carlton
24
Humanistic Therapy

• Empathy
• Trying to understand the work through their
  clients perspective
• Genuine
• Being open and honest with clients

Artists Toni Carlton
25
Behavioral Therapy
26
Behavioral Therapy

• How is behavioral therapy different from the
  previous therapies?

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27
Behavioral Therapy

• It is more objective than the previous therapies
  mentioned
• The aim is on a changing behavior not fixing a
  problem
• Usually unfolds in a shorter time frame

28
Behavioral Therapy

• People learn and unlearn maladaptive behaviors
  through reinforcement making learning processes a
  central aspect of behavioral therapy.

29
Behavioral Therapy

• What behavioral therapies are based on classical
  conditioning?

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30
Behavioral Therapy

• Counterconditioning
• An unwanted response to a stimulus is replaced by
  a more appropriate response through conditioning

31
Humanistic Therapy

• What are two types of
• counterconditioning?

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32
Behavioral Therapy

• Systematic desensitization
• Developed by Joseph Wolpe
• The goal is to replace the unwanted anxiety
  response with an incompatible response,
  relaxation

33
Behavioral Therapy

• Aversion therapy
• Used to replace a pleasant response to an
  undesired activity with an unpleasant response

34
Behavioral Therapy

• What reinforcement system is used in operant
  conditioning to accomplish a behavioral change?

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35
Behavioral Therapy

• Token economy
• Commonly used in institutional settings
• Desired behaviors are rewarded with tokens that
  can be exchanged for desired privileges

36
Behavioral Therapy

• What behavioral therapies use observational
  learning?

Retrieved From
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37
Behavioral Therapy

• Social skills training
• The therapist models appropriate behaviors, the
  client rehearses the behaviors, and the therapist
  reinforces their new behavior
• Usually in a group setting

38
Behavioral Therapy

• What is biofeedback?

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39
Behavioral Therapy

• Biofeedback
• A behavioral therapy where the clients bodily
  processes such as heartbeat are monitored

40
Cognitive Therapy
41
Cognitive Therapy

• On what is cognitive therapy based?

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42
Cognitive Therapy

• Cognitive therapy is based on the theory that
  irrational or maladaptive thoughts precede
  negative emotions such as anxiety and depression

43
Cognitive Therapy

• What are two cognitive therapies and who
  developed them?

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44
Cognitive Therapy

• Rational-emotive therapy (RET)
• Developed by Ellis
• Developed the A-B-C model of emotional distress

Photo of Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
45
Cognitive Therapy

• Becks cognitive therapy
• Beck believed depressed people hold negative
  beliefs about themselves, the world, and the
  future
• The depression reinforces negative views
  maintaining a vicious depression cycle

Photo of Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
46
Eclectic Integrated
47
Eclectic Integrated

• What is the difference between eclecticism and
  integration?

Retrieved From
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48
Eclectic Integrated

• Eclecticism
• The combination of therapeutic methods and
  applications
• Integration
• The integration of theories and ideas into a new,
  more encompassing theory

Artist Toni Carlton
49
Eclectic Integrated

• Today one-third of therapists borrow ideas and
  approaches from two or more schools of thought
• Therapists who combine techniques and theories
  are sometimes referred to as Theoretically
  eclectic

Artist Toni Carlton
50
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

• How can the effectiveness of different types of
  therapy be assessed?

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51
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

• Efficacy studies
• Controlled experiments where clients are randomly
  assigned to treatment conditions and attend
  therapy for a predetermined number of visits.

52
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

• Effectiveness studies
• Involve collecting opinions of a large group of
  clients who have chosen their own therapy,
  therapist, and have attended therapy for an
  unfixed time

53
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

• So what have these studies found?

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54
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

• Most research suggests that they all work equally
  well
• 80 of clients improve more than their
  non-treatment controls, 70 improve within six
  months

55
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

• Some therapies may be more effective for certain
  problems
• Some research suggests that medications plus
  psychotherapy are no more effective than
  psychotherapy alone

56
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

• What are the two commonalities between all types
  of therapy?

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57
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

• The therapeutic alliance
• The supportive relationship between client and
  therapist
• Hope and personal control
• Therapy gives client a new sense of hope and
  personal control

58
Biomedical Therapy

• What is biomedical therapy?

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59
Biomedical Therapy

• Biomedical therapy involves using medication
  treatments which reduce the symptoms of severe
  psychological disorders

60
Biomedical Therapy

• What are two types of biomedical therapy?

Retrieved From
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61
Biomedical Therapy

• Psycho-pharmacotherapy
• The use of medications to reduce symptoms of
  psychological problems

62
Biomedical Therapy

• What are some types of drugs used in this therapy?

Retrieved From
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63
Biomedical Therapy

• Antianxiety Drugs
• Relieve nervousness associated with generalized
  anxiety disorder
• Antidepressant drugs
• Reduce symptoms of depression by affecting
  serotonin or nor epinephrine

64
Biomedical Therapy

• Lithium
• Used to treat bi-polar disorder
• Antipsychotic drugs
• Reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia
• Tardive dyskinesia sever side effect involving
  loss of motor control

65
Biomedical Therapy

• ECT
• Used as a last resort in severely depressed
  patients
• Electric shocks are administered to the patient