The West on the Eve of a New World Order

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The West on the Eve of a New World Order
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The Scientific Revolution

• Toward a New Heaven A Revolution in Astronomy
• Geocentric theory of the universe
• Nicholas Copernicus (1473 1543)
• Johannes Kepler (1571 1630)
• Galileo Galilei (1564 1642)
• Isaac Newton (1642 1727)

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Toward a New Earth Descartes and Rationalism

• Rene Descartes (1596 1650)
• Cartesian dualism
• Rationalism
• Europe, China, and Scientific Revolutions

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Centers of Enlightenment circa 1700
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The Enlightenment

• Background to the Enlightenment
• Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
• World and everything in it worked like a giant
  machine
• John Locke (1632-1704)
• Essay Concerning Human Understanding
• Every person born with a blank mind
• The Philosophers and Their Ideas
• Who were the philosophes?
• Paris the capital of the Enlightenment
• Role of philosophy not just to discuss the
  world but to change it

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Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot

• Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu
  (1689-1755)
• Spirit of the Laws (1748)
• Natural laws
• Three kinds of government
• Checks and Balances/Separation of powers
• François-Marie Arouet, Voltaire (1694-1778)
• Criticism of traditional religion
• Favored religious toleration
• Deism
• Denis Diederot (1713-1784)
• Encyclopedia, 28 volumes
• Spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

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Toward a New Science of Man

• Belief in natural laws for all areas of human
  life
• Called Science of Man, or social sciences
• Physiocrats
• Natural economic laws
• Adam Smith (1723-1790)
• State should not interfere with economic matters
• Idea became known as laissez-faire
• Three functions of government protect society
  against invasion defend citizens against
  injustice and keep up certain public works The
  Woman Question in the Enlightenment

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The Later Enlightenment

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
• Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of
  Mankind
• The Social Contract
• Entire society agrees to be governed by its
  general will
• General will is not only political but also
  ethical, representing what the entire community
  ought to do
• Émile
• Education should foster, rather than restrict,
  childrens natural instincts
• Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
• Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
• Subjection of women by men wrong
• Philosophical idea of innate reason means women
  have to be equal

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Global Trade Patterns of the EuropeanStates in
the Eighteenth Century
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Economic Changes and the Social Order

• New Economic Patterns
• Population Growth
• Growth begins in Europe about 1750
• Agricultural revolution
• Textile industry
• Global economy
• Gold and silver from Spanish America made its way
  to Britain, France, and the Netherlands for
  manufactured goods
• In turn, the profits used to buy tea, spices,
  silk, and cotton goods from China and India
• Plantations of the Western Hemisphere
• British ships carry British goods

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European Society in the Eighteenth Century

• Society still divided into traditional orders or
  estates determined by heredity
• Governments helped maintain the divisions
• Free peasant and serf
• 85 percent of Europes population
• Eastern Germany, eastern Europe, and Russia
  peasants remained tied to the land as serfs
• Peasants in Britain, northern Italy, the Low
  Countries, Spain, most of France, and some areas
  of western Germany were largely free
• Nobles
• Urban population
• Patrician oligarchies, upper middle class, lower
  middle class, laborers

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Expansion of Prussia, 1640-1795
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Toward A New Political Order and Political
Conflict

• Enlightenment impacts political development
• Philosophers natural rights
• What made a ruler enlightened?
• Enlightened absolutism
• Prussia The Army and the Bureaucracy
• Frederick William II, the Great, of Prussia
  (1740-1786)
• Well educated
• Believed the king was the first servant of the
  state
• Reforms
• The Austrian Empire of the Habsburgs
• Joseph II of Austria (1780-1790)
• Reforms
• Problems

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From Muscovy to Russia, 1584-1796
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Russia Under Catherine the Great

• Catherine II, the Great, of Russia (1762-1796)
• Initial reforms
• Charter of the Nobility, 1785
• Expansion
• Emelyan Pugachev Rebellion, 1773-1774

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The Seven Years War
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Changing Patterns of War Global Confrontation

• International rivalry
• War of Austrian Succession, 1740-1748
• Cause
• Major Events
• Consequence

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Seven Years War A Global War, 1756-1763

• Cause
• Major Events
• Consequence

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The French Revolution

• Background to the French Revolution
• Social Structure of the Old Regime
• First Estate (Clergy)
• 130,000 who own about 10 percent of the land
• Exempt from the taille
• Were divided from within as well
• 350,000 owning about 25 to 30 percent of the land

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The French Revolution (cont.d)

• Second Estate (Nobility)
• About 350,000 people
• Owned about 25 30 percent of the land
• Looking to expand their power
• Were exempt from the taille
• Third Estate (Commoners, skilled workers,
  bourgeoisie)
• Peasants were 75 to 80 percent of the population
  owning 35 to 40 percent of the land
• No serfdom but obligations
• Skilled craftsmen, shopkeepers, and wage earners
• Bourgeoisie (middle class) make up about 8
  percent (about 2.3 million) of population who own
  about 20 to 25 percent of the land

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Other Problems Facing the French Monarchy

• Bad harvests in 1787 and 1788
• Collapse of government finances
• Louis XIV (1774-1792)
• Estates General, last called in 1614
• First Estate and Second Estate 300 delegates
• Third Estates 600 delegates

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From Estates-General to National Assembly

• Estates General opens May 5, 1789, at the Palace
  of Versailles
• Organization
• Demands of the Third Estate
• Third Estate constitutes itself as the National
  Assembly, June 17, 1789
• Bastille, July 14, 1789
• The Great Fear, July-August, 1789

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Destruction of the Old Regime

• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen,
  August 26, 1789
• Olympe de Gouges
• Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female
  Citizen
• Parisian women march to Versailles and force
  Louis XVI and his family to return to Paris
• Civil Constitution of the Clergy, July 12, 1790
• National Assembly creates a constitution, 1791
• Set up a limited constitutional monarchy
• Legislative Assembly to make the laws
• Uses an indirect voting method to elect
  representatives
• Opposition to the new government
• King attempts to flee France in June 1791
• Legislative Assembly declares war on Austria,
  April 20, 1792

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The Radical Revolution

• National Convention, September 1792
• Abolition of the monarchy, September 21, 1792,
  creation of a republic
• Execution of Louis XIV, January 21, 1793
• Paris Commune
• Informal European coalition against France --
  Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain, the
  Dutch Republic, and Russia
• A Nation in Arms
• Committee of Public Safety, 1793-1794
• Universal mobilization of the nation, August 23,
  1793
• Army grew from 650,000 to 1,169,000 in September
  1794

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Reign of Terror

• Protect the Republic from internal enemies
• Executions
• Lyons
• De-Christianization
• New calendar
• Temple of Reason

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Reaction and the Directory

• Robespierre guillotined on July 28, 1794, thus
  ending the Reign of Terror
• Directory, August 1795-1799
• Stagnation and corruption
• Coup détat in 1799

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The French Republic, Its Satellites, and Hostile
States in 1799
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The Age of Napoleon

• Born on the island of Corsica in 1769
• Brigadier general, 1794
• Disastrous expedition to Egypt, 1797
• Consulate created following the coup détat of
  1799
• Napoleon the First Consul
• Consul for life, 1802
• Crowned Emperor Napoleon I, 1804
• Domestic Policies
• Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church
• Napoleonic Civil Code
• Bureaucratic reform
• Effects of Napoleons domestic policies

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Napoleons Empire and the European Response

• Peace 1802 war renewed in 1803
• Britain, Austria, Russia, Russia, and Prussia in
  the Third Coalition
• Victories of 1805 to 1807
• The Grand Empire
• Napoleon master of Europe, 1807-1812
• The French Empire
• Dependent states
• Allied states
• Napoleon sought acceptance for revolutionary
  ideas
• Napoleon sought to destroy the old order
• Why does Napoleon fail?

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The Napoleonic Empire, 1810-1813
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Fall of Napoleon

• Invasion of Russia, 1812
• Russia refused to remain in the Continental
  System
• Russian tactics
• Only 40,000 of 600,000 invaders returned to
  Poland in January, 1813
• Defeat , April, 1814
• Paris captured in March, 1814
• Exile to Elba, 1814
• Louis XVIII took the throne
• Napoleon returns to France
• Battle of Waterloo, June 18, 1815
• Napoleon defeated by the Duke of Wellington
• Exile to St. Helena, 1815-1821

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Discussion Questions

• How did the Scientific Revolution of the
  sixteenth and seventeenth centuries contribute to
  the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century?
• How did changing economic patterns in the
  eighteenth century affect European social
  development?
• Compare and contrast British and Spanish rule in
  the Americas.
• What were the most important causes of the French
  Revolution?
• Is it accurate to describe Napoleon as an
  advocate of the ideals of the French Revolution?