Organic Compounds

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Organic Compounds

• (carbon-based compounds)

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Functional Groups

• the unique properties of organic compounds are
  due to their size, shape, functional groups
• hydroxyl (OH)
• carbonyl (CO)
• carboxyl (COOH)
• amino (NH2)
• phosphate (OPO32)

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Organic Macromolecules

• large biological molecules
• 4 main classes
• carbohydrates
• lipids
• proteins
• nucleic acids
• cells synthesize them by linking small organic
  molecules (monomers) into long chains (polymers)

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Making Breaking Polymers

• dehydration synthesis
• monomers are linked together by removing a
  molecule of water
• hydrolysis
• bonds between monomers are broken by adding a
  molecule of water

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Carbohydrates

• elements C,H,O
• monomers are called monosaccharides
• generally have molecule formulas that are some
  multiple of CH2O
• (ex) glucose C6H12O6
• main fuel for cellular work
• disaccharides 2 linked monosaccharides
• (ex) sucrose glucose fructose
• polysaccharides polymers of monosaccharides

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Examples of Polysaccharides

• starch storage molecule made up of glucose
  monomers (found in plants)
• glycogen storage molecule made up of glucose
  monomers (found in animals liver muscle
  tissue)
• cellulose structural compound found in the cell
  walls of plant cells

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Lipids

• elements C,H,O
• mostly nonpolar (? not attracted to water)
• examples
• fats energy storage
• phospholipids major component of cell membranes
• waxes help prevent desiccation
• steroids (ex) cholesterol
• used to make sex hormones
• found in cell membranes to help maintain fluidity

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Fats

• made up of glycerol fatty acids
• saturated fats ? the fatty acids straight
• ?the fat forms a solid at room temperature
• unsaturated fats ? the fatty acids are kinked
  due to double bonds between carbon atoms
• ?the fat forms a liquid at room temperature

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Proteins

• elements C,H,O,N
• monomers amino acids
• contain an amine group a carboxyl group
• 20 different kinds (each has a different R
  group)
• polypeptide chain of linked amino acids
• peptide bond type of covalent bond that links 2
  amino acids together

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Examples of Proteins

• enzymes biological catalysts (speed up the rate
  of chemical reactions)
• collagen structural protein in hair
• actin myosin contractile proteins in muscle
• antibodies defensive proteins
• hemoglobin transport protein (O2 C O2)
• membrane proteins transport materials across
  cell membrane
• ovalbumin storage protein found in egg white to
  support developing embryo

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Protein Structure 4 levels

• primary chain of amino acids (polypeptide)
• secondary polypeptide coils or folds into an
  ?-helix or ?-pleated sheet
• tertiary the ?-helix or ?-pleated sheet folds
  into a globular or fibrous shape
• protein is functional at this level
• denaturation process by which proteins unravel,
  losing their specific shape , thereby, their
  function
• causes excessive heat, changes in pH
• quaternary association of two or more tertiary
  proteins

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Nucleic Acids

• elements C,H,O,N,P
• monomers nucleotides
• 5 kinds adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C),
  guanine (G), and uracil (U)
• basic structure
• phosphate group
• 5-carbon sugar
• nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G, or U)

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Examples of Nucleic Acids

• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• composed of two chains of nucleotides
  (polynucleotides) twisted into a double helix
• built from the nucleotides A, T, C, G
• type of sugar in DNA nucleotides deoxyribose
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• composed of one chain of nucleotides
• built from the nucleotides A, U, C, G
• type of sugar in RNA nucleotides ribose

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