BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUE

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BONES AND SKELETAL TISSUE

• Chapter 6

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SKELETAL CARTILAGES

• Characteristics-high water content, avascular, no
  nerves
• Surrounded by perichondrium
• Basic components-chondrocytes, lacunae, matrix

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Types of Cartilage

• Hyaline-articular, costal, laryngeal,tracheal,
  bronchial, nasal
• Elastic-ear, epiglottis
• Fibrocartilages-knees,vertebral discs

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Cartilage- Connective Tissue Revisited
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Cartilage Growth

• Appositional Growth-Growth from the outside
• Interstitial Growth--Growth from the inside.

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FUNCTIONS OF THE BONES

• A.SUPPORT
• B.PROTECTION
• C.MOVEMENT
• D.STORAGE
• E.BLOOD CELL FORMATION

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BONE STRUCTURE

• GROSS ANATOMY
• TYPES OF TISSUE
• a.COMPACT
• b.SPONGY

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TYPES OF BONE

• a.Long Bones
• b.Short Bones
• c.Irregular Bones

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TYPICAL LONG BONE

• a.DIAPHYSIS
• b.EPIPHYSIS
• c.EPIPHYSEAL
• LINE
• d.PERIOSTEUM
• e.ENDOSTEUM
• f.ARTICULAR
• CARTILAGE

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SHORT, IRREGULAR, AND FLAT BONE

• a.COMPACT AND SPONGY BONE
• b.DIPLOE
• c.PERIOSTEUM
• d.ENDOSTEUM

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IRREGULAR BONE
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LOCATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE IN BONES

• a.RED MARROW
• b.RED MARROW CAVITIES
• c.YELLOW MARROW

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MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE

• COMPACT BONE
• a.HAVERSIAN SYSTEM (OSTEON)
• b.LAMELLAR BONE
• c.HAVERSIAN CANAL
• d.VOLKMANNS CANALS
• e.OSTEOCYTES
• f.LACUNAE
• g.CANALICULI
• h.INTERSTITIAL LAMELLAE
• i.CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLAE

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SPONGY BONE

• a.TRABECULAE
• b.LAMELLAE
• c.OSTEOCYTES

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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BONE

• ORGANIC COMPONENTS
• a.CELLS
• b.OSTEOID
• INORGANIC COMPONENTS
• hydroxyapatites-mineral salts

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Healthy bone is half as strong as steel in
resisting compression

• and fully as strong as steel in resisting tension

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BONE DEVELOPMENT (OSTEOGENESIS)

• A.FORMATION OF THE BONY SKELETON
• 1.INTRAMEMBRANEOUS OSSIFICATION
• 2.ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

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Replacing Cartilage

• B.POSTNATAL GROWTH
• 1.GROWTH IN THE LENGTH OF LONG BONES
• 2.GROWTH IN THE WIDTH (THICKNESS)
• 3.HORMONAL REGULATION OF BONE GROWTH DURING
  YOUTH

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HORMONES INVOLVED IN BONE REGULATION

• Growth Hormone
• Growth Factors-Somatomedins
• Thyroid
• Testosterone/Estrogen

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BONE HOMEOSTASISREMODELING AND REPAIR

• BASIC PROCESSES
• a.BONE REMODELING UNITS
• b.BONE DEPOSITION
• c.BONE REABSORPTION

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CONTROL OF REMODELING

• a.NEGATIVE HORMONAL FEEDBACK-parathyroid hormone
  and calcitonin
• b.MECHANICAL STRESS-Wolffs Law

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REPAIR OF FRACTURES

• 1.TYPES OF FRACTURES
• 2.TREATMENT
• 3.PHASES OF REPAIR
• a.HEMATOMA FORMATION
• b.CALLUS FORMATION
• c.BONY CALLUS FORMATION
• d.REMODELING

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HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF BONE

• A.OSTEOPOROSIS
• B.OSTEOMALACIA
• C.PAGETS DISEASE

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DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF BONESTIMING OF EVENTS

• A.EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT OF BONE TISSUE
• B.DEVELOPMENT OF BONE TISSUE THROUGH ADOLESCENCE
• C.EFFECT OF AGING ON BONE TISSUE

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