Dogus University Electronics

1
Dogus University Electronics Communications
Engineering Intradepartmental SeminarJune 01,
2006
An Overview of Nanotechnology and its
Applications in Electronics
Indrit Myderrizi
2
Contents

• Introduction
• Survey of Nanotechnology Domains
• Nano Fabrication Approaches
• Nanostructures
• Nano Electronics Architecture
• Resources

3
Introduction

• Nano derived from an ancient Greek word
  meaning DWARF
• 1 Nano 10-9 One billionth of something
• 1nm 10-9m One billionth of a meter
• 10 hydrogen atoms shoulder to shoulder
• Nanotechnology
• The art and science of manipulating and
  rearranging individual atoms and molecules to
  create useful materials, devices, and systems.
• Research and technology development at the
  atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels, in
  the length scale of approximately 1 - 100
  nanometer range.

4
Introduction
5
Survey of Nanotechnology Domains

• Nanotechnology is a new way of thinking and
  requires multidisciplinary activity, i.e.
  combinations of biology, chemistry, computer
  science, engineering, material sciences,
  mathematics, medicine, physics

Nano Technology
6
Survey of Nanotechnology Domains
Illustrations of industries to benefit from
nanoscale manufacturing technologies are

• Advanced materials for improved physical,
  chemical and biological properties.
• - Such materials will include catalysts,
  nanostructured polymers, strong and lightweight
  nanoparticle, nanotube or nanofiber-reinforced
  polymer composites and metal alloys nanoporous
  polymer and metal foams nano-grained superhard
  coatings for machine tools, molds,
  superplastically deformable nanopowder-consolidate
  d metals and ceramics for shape forming smart
  materials with embedded conductive,
  piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, shape memory
  alloy or magnetorheological elements for color,
  texture, conductivity control and sensory or
  active behavior etc.

• Electronics, information technologies and
  communications industries.
• - Examples include molecular or
  nanostructured switches, amplifiers and
  interconnects for analog/digital data processor
  and storage devices, including single-electron,
  spin and magneto-electronics and hybrid
  technologies DNA computation platforms liquid
  crystal and photonic flat/flexible panel
  displays, photonic crystals for optical signal
  processing in fiber communications
  nanostructured wireless transmitter/receiver
  microdevices for local (RF) tag identification,
  or satellite localization (GPS) etc.

7
Survey of Nanotechnology Domains

• Pharmaceutical, biochemical, food, power and
  environmental remediation industries.
• - Examples are chemical/drug screening arrays
  microbial, viral and toxic gas and food sensors
  for warfare defense and emission control
  nanostructured catalysts for reactors
  nanograined films, inks, paints,
  fire-retardant/resistant coatings etc
  nanoparticle dispersions and aerosols
  consolidated nanoparticle or nanostructured
  proton exchange membranes for fuel cells
  filtration membranes for desalination and
  pollution control nanostructured cells for
  flexible photovoltaics, artificial
  photosynthesis, new types of batteries etc.

• Medical, health and safety industries.
• - Examples are through drug/gene bioassay
  arrays for genomics and proteomics research and
  clinical therapy nanoparticle and nanosphere
  medication/gene vectors nanostructured
  biomaterials for implants and prosthetics
  implantable aid microdevices such as programmable
  medication dispensers, pacemakers,
  pressure/glucose detectors etc sterile surface
  catheters, surgical tools, and nanoparticle agent
  and sensor technologies for medical imaging
  nanostructured biocompatible/biodegradable
  scaffolds for artificial tissue engineering and
  regenerative medicine etc.

8
Survey of Nanotechnology Domains

• Aerospace, automotive and appliance industries.
• - high strength/weight ratio nanostructured
  alloy and composite materials for fuselage, body
  and other structural elements highly resistive
  or ultra-low friction layers for thermal barrier
  coatings, bearing surfaces etc. in jet, internal
  combustion, and hydraulic/pneumatic engines and
  elements nanostructured microelectromechanical
  systems (MEMS and NEMS) such as accelerometer and
  gyroscopic sensors or fuel injection and
  supplementary restraint fluidic actuators,
  reconfigurable control surfaces, etc.

• Service industries, including the users of
  nanomanufactured products.
• - nanostructured and nanofabricated product
  design and prototyping companies market analysis
  and marketing of such products research and
  development laboratories and consulting firms
  intellectual property development and management
  services for nanomanufacturing technologies
  related education at the technical school or
  college /university level workforce training of
  professionals for nanomanufacturing industries
  software development for product design, process
  simulation, modeling and control, continuous
  learning etc.

9
Nano Fabrication Approaches
There are two approaches to making structures on
the nanoscale
Top-down Method (present route) Creates
nanostructures out of macrostructures by breaking
down matter into more basic building blocks.
Frequently uses chemical or thermal methods.
Bottom-up Method (nano way) Building complex
systems by combining simple atomic level
components through self assembly of atoms or
molecules into nanostructures
10
Nano Fabrication Approaches
Lithographic Techniques
Molecular Beam Epitaxy
SPM Probes
Nanoparticle Synthesis
Supramolecular Chemistry Aggregates
Covalent Chemistry
11
Nano Fabrication Approaches
Top Down Approach - Photolithography
12
Nano Fabrication Approaches
13
Nano Fabrication Approaches
Bottom Up - Self assembly
Step 1
Isolation of atoms or molecules
By using scanning tunneling microscope
By using atomic force microscope
Step 2
Assembly of loose atoms or molecules.
Step 3
Re-bonding of atoms and molecules
Chemical synthesis
14
Nano Fabrication Approaches

• Self Assembly
• Coordinated action of independent entities under
  distributed (i.e. non-central) control to produce
  a larger structure or to achieve a desired group
  effect
• naturally occurs in biological (embryology) and
  chemical (supramolecular) systems

- Nanoporous materials templated nanosynthesis
MCM-41 diblock polymer zeolite
15
Nano Fabrication Approaches

• Eventually the top-down and bottom-up
  approaches can both be combined into a single
  nanoelectronics manufacturing process. Such a
  hybrid method has the potential to lead to a more
  economical nano-manufacturing process.

Photolithography Self-Assembly
Hybridization of these two approaches
GA Institute of Technology
16
Nano Fabrication Approaches
Microelectronic
Component (photolithography)
Bottom-up is meeting Top-Down
Electron Beam Lithography can create
structures of less than 10 nm.
T. Desai, Univ. of Illinois at Chicago
17
Nanostructures

• BuckyBalls
• Carbon Nanotubes
• Silicon Nanowires
• Quantum Dots

18
Nanostructures

• Properties
• Roundest and most symmetrical molecule known to
  man
• Compressed becomes stronger than diamond
• Third major form of pure carbon
• Heat resistance and electrical conductivity

BuckyBalls C60
Applications Polymers/reinforcements-Compounds-Hig
h quality diamond films for electronic chips and
other devices-Insulator-Batteries and fuel cell
electrodes-Strengthening and hardening of
metals-Sensor applications-Surface hardening
coatings-Catalysts-Biological/pharmaceuticals-Copi
er toner-Organic chemistry building
blocks-Chemical reagents
C60 molecules buckminsterfullerene Molecules
made up of 60 carbon atoms arranged in a series
of interlocking hexagons and pentagons C60 is
actually a "truncated icosahedron", consisting of
12 pentagons and 20 hexagons.
19
Nanostructures

• Properties
• Thermal/electrically conductive
• Metallic and Semi-Conductive
• 4 nm width (smaller diameter than DNA)
• 100xs stronger than steel 1/6 weight
• can be single-walled (SWNT 1-3 nm) or
  multi-walled (MWNT 20-100 nm ).

Carbon Nanotubes
Applications Fillers in super-strong composite
materials - Wires and components in
nanoelectronic devices - Tips of scanning probe
microscopes and in flat panel displays and gas
sensors - As macromolecules should be ideal
constituents of polymers, copolymers, polymer
composites, and biological structures
? Strong covalent bonding carbon molecules
aligned in cylinder formation ? Built by carbon
vapor
20
Nanostructures
Silicon Nanowires

• Properties
• Precise diameter control of a few nm
• Microns long
• Selectively dope length to control electrical
  properties
• Typical diameters of nanowires 50-100nm, although
  diameters as small as 3 nm are realized

? Grown by chemical vapor deposition

• Applications
• Nanowires, tubes and particles are used in
• gates and switches in nano and microelectronics
• tera-bits computer storage devices.

21
Nanostructures

• Chemical vapor deposition involves a gas-phase
  chemical reaction occurring above a solid
  surface, which causes the deposition onto the
  surface
• Principle of the synthesis is that nanoparticles
  of various transition metals act as catalysts to
  seed the growth of nanowires or nanotubes, using
  the feedstock gas as ingredients
• Precursors are activated

Nanotube/Nanowire Synthesis

• Involves thermal activation or use of combustion
  flame (laser ablation and arc-discharge can also
  be used.)

22
Nanostructures
Quantum Dot

• Properties
• Small metal or semiconductor box containing 2
  electrons surrounded by an insulator with zero
  classical degrees of freedom moving out of the
  box
• Electrons repel each other so that always take
  two farthest positions i.e (4,2) or (1,3). One of
  these configurations can be treated as 1 and
  other as 0
• A small voltage can be applied to switch between
  this two configurations
• A good property of quantum dots flow of energy
  from one end to other

• Applications
• Quantum dots can be used to implement most of
  logic gates

23
Nano Electronics Architecture
Nanotube Transistor
The source/drain electrodes are typically formed
by evaporating metal onto the top of the nanotube
after it is deposited or grown on top of a solid
substrate, such as oxidized Si. the substrate was
used as the gate. However, in order to allow
individual addressing of SWNT FETs on a wafer,
and in order to reduce source-gate capacitance
(important for high-speed), top-gates can be
deposited if a suitable dielectric can be found
which does not damage the SWNT.
Carbon nanotube transistors D 1 nm
24
Nano Electronics Architecture
SET Transistor

• A 3-terminal device with gate, source and drain
• An SET switches the source-to-drain current on
  and off in response to small changes in the
  charge on the gate amounting to a single electron
• SETs are based around an island, usually of
  metal and containing a million or more mobile
  electrons
• Since the Coulomb interactions among electrons
  block electrons from tunneling onto the island at
  low bias voltages "Coulomb blockade" is observed
• Increasing the gate voltage for a SET to a
  critical value suddenly allows current to flow
  from source to drain, but a further increase
  turns off the current just as suddenly.
  Additional increases repeat this on/off cycle.
• In order to control the number of the electrons
  on the island, a metal gate electrode is placed
• As the gate voltage increases further the number
  of electrons on the island stabilizes at a value
  one higher than before and yet no current flows.

25
Nano Electronics Architecture
Logic Circuits from Carbon Nanotubes - Inverter
26
Nano Electronics Architecture
Carbon Nanotube Switches
Core Shell Nanowires Gated by Nanotubes or
Nanowires
FET
Diode
27
Resources
1 Goldhaber-Gordon, D., Montemerlo, J. S.,
Love, J. C., Opiteck, G. J., Ellenbogen, J. C.,
Overview of Nanoelectronic Devices, MITRE Corp,
The proceedings of IEEE, April 1997 2 Burke,
P.J., Yu, Z., Li, S., Rutherglen, C., " Nanotube
Technology for Microwave Applications",
Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility,
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, University of California, Irvine 3
DeHon, A., "Array-Based Architecture for
FET-Based, Nanoscale Electronics", IEEE
Transactions on Nanotechnology, vol. 2, no. 1,
March 2003 4 Joshi,J., "Nanotechnology.
Machines, Tools Architecture",
www.tinman.cs.gsu.edu/mpandya1/cs8530/jaimini/
5 Wayner, D. D. M., " National Institute for
Nanotechnology, Update and Status",
www.thecis.ca/recordevents/wayner 6 Aourag,
H., "Nanotechnology A big issue in a small
world", URMER University of Tlemcen