Environmental Quality: Better Living through Chemistry?

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Environmental Quality Better Living through
Chemistry?
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Chemical Basis of Life on Earth

• Organic Matter (living) v Inorganic Matter
  (non-living)
• Oxygen is used to release energy from chemical
  compounds (nutrients) that drive metabolic
  activities (respiration)
• Carbon dioxide is released as a waste product
  during metabolic reactions (respiration)

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Chemical Basis of Earth

• All matter is composed of chemical elements
• Some occur naturally, some are manufactured
• Organic matter contains about 20 elements
  particularly
• oxygen
• carbon
• hydrogen
• nitrogen
• Elements may be grouped into compounds
• Matter usually composed of compounds

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Earths Geology

• Structure (NASA)
• Chemical composition (by mass)
• 34.6 Iron
• 29.5 Oxygen
• 15.2 Silicon
• 12.7 Magnesium
• 2.4 Nickel
• 1.9 Sulfur
• 0.05 Titanium
• Most rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and
  metamorphic - are composed of minerals
• Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids
  with a crystalline structure and a distinct
  chemical composition - compounds

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Rocks Combinations of Chemicals

• Over 2000 minerals have been identified
• Metallic and non-metallic
• Sulfides metallic elements in combination with
  the element sulfur
• Halides - fluorine, chlorine, iodine, and
  bromine, soluble in water
• Oxides - compounds of one or more metallic
  elements combined with oxygen, water, or hydroxyl
  (OH)
• Carbonates contains one or more metallic
  elements combined with the compound CO3
• Sulfates contains one or more metallic elements
  combined with the compound SO4
• Phosphates contains one or more metallic
  elements combined with the compound PO4
• Silicates the largest group of minerals,
  containing silicon and oxygen
• Organic minerals contain hydrocarbons

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Earths Atmosphere

• Layer of gases surrounding Earth kept in place by
  the Earth's gravity
• Contains
• 78 nitrogen
• 21 oxygen
• 0.93 argon
• 0.04 carbon dioxide
• trace amounts methane, neon, helium, ozone,
  nitrous oxides
• 1-4 water vapor
• Commonly known as air
• Absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation and reduces
  temperature extremes gaseous envelope

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Hydrosphere

• Water is the most abundant compound in living
  things and makes up two-thirds of the weight of
  adults
• Most metabolic reactions occur in water
• Major component of blood therefore important in
  transporting materials in the body
• Carries waste materials and can absorb and
  transport heat

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Water Properties
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Water Distribution
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Hydrological Cycle
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Science and Public Policy

• National Science Foundation
• National Institutes of Health
• Agricultural Research Service
• National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration
• US Geological Survey
• US Fish Wildlife Service

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Chemicals we Ingest (Food)

• Ingredients
• Chemicals and Food
• Chemicals in Food Water
• Food Chemicals Codex
• Pesticides, Metals, Chemical Contaminants
  Natural Toxins
• Glossary of Pesticide Chemicals

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Chemicals we Ingest (Drugs)

• Toothpaste Ingredients
• Toothpaste Ingredients
• Blood Pressure Medication
• Vioxx
• Thalidomide
• Sugar substitutes saccharin, cyclamates,
  aspartame, . High fructose corn syrup
• Tobacco
• Caffeine

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Chemicals to which we are exposed

• Asbestos Mesothelioma
• Silica - Silicosis
• Lead
• Mercury
• Gasoline
• Carbon monoxide
• Coal- fired electricity generating stations
  mercury, nitrous and sulfur oxides, carbon
  dioxide, dioxins

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Federal Policy Regarding Chemicals Manufacture,
Use, and Disposal (Legislative action)

• Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and
  Warfare Elimination Act of 1991
• Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act of 1988
• Chemical Safety Information, Site Security and
  Fuels Regulatory Relief Act 1999
• Chemical Weapons Convention Implementation Act of
  1998
• Toxic Substances Control Act 1976
• Hazard Mitigation and Relocation Assistance Act
  of 1993
• Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984
• Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Act of 1979
• Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 1975
• Hazardous Materials Transportation Act Amendments
  of 1976
• Hazardous Materials Transportation Authorization
  Act of 1994
• Hazardous Materials Transportation Control Act of
  1970

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Federal Policy Regarding Chemicals Manufacture,
Use, and Disposal (Executive action)

• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
• Agricultural Research Service
• Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives Bureau
  (Justice)
• Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Interagency
  Coordinating Committee
• Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
• Fish and Wildlife Service
• Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
• Food and Nutrition Service
• Food Safety and Inspection Service
• Food, Nutrition and Consumer Services
• Foreign Agricultural Service
• Forest Service
• Fossil Energy

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Federal Policy Regarding Chemicals Manufacture,
Use, and Disposal (Judicial action)

• Bhopal case
• Tobacco litigation
• Massachusetts et al v EPA
• Defective and dangerous products
• Toxic tort and product liability cases
• Toxic tort, product liability, and scientific
  litigation
• Product liability litigation

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Companies Manufacturing and Using Chemicals

• Standard Industrial Classification (OSHA) search
  by keyword(s)
• Dow Chemical Company
• Shell Chemicals
• Ethyl Corporation
• Archer Daniels Midland
• Pfizer
• Historians and the Chemical Industry

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Environmental Quality Better Living Through
Chemistry?