Making Vaccines 1.4.2

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Making Vaccines1.4.2
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What makes an effective vaccine?
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Effective Vaccines

• Have low levels of side effects or toxicity.
• Protect against exposure to natural, or wild
  forms of the pathogen.

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Effective Vaccines

• Should stimulate both an antibody (B-cell)
  response and a cell mediated (T-cell) response.
• Have long term, lasting effects that produce
  immunological memory.

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Effective Vaccines

• Should not require numerous doses or boosters
• Are inexpensive, have a long shelf life and are
  easy to administer.

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Routes of Administration

• The majority of vaccines are administered by
  injection
• Subcutaneous
• Intramuscular
• Intradermal
• Oral vaccines are available for only a few
  diseases

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Types of Vaccines

• Killed whole cells or inactivated viruses
• Even though they are harmless, they still contain
  recognizable antigens on their surface
• Because the microbe does not multiply, larger
  doses and more boosters are required.

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Types of Vaccines

• Live, attenuated (weakened) cells or viruses
• Vaccines are longer-lasting and require fewer
  boosters
• However, the disease agent could mutate back to
  pathogenic strain

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Types of Vaccines

• Toxoid vaccines
• A purified toxin produced by the antigen is used
  to elicit immune response.

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Types of Vaccines

• Genetically engineered microbes or microbial
  antigens
• Genes for microbial antigens are inserted into a
  plasmid vector and are cloned in appropriate
  hosts.
• The resultant protein product is used to provoke
  immune system.

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Types of Vaccines

• DNA vaccines
• These vaccines contain all or part of the
  pathogen DNA, which is used to infect a
  recipients cells.

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Herd Immunity

• More individuals that are immune decreases the
  incidence of the disease and the occurrence of
  the pathogen.
• With greater numbers immunized, it is less likely
  that an unimmunized person will encounter the
  pathogen.
• Mass vaccination confers indirect protection for
  those who do not receive the vaccine resulting in
  herd immunity.

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Today

• 1.4.2 2
• Visit the NOVA website about making vaccines.
• Take notes on the steps.

• Answer conclusion questions 1 and 2