Polymorphic spindle-shaped

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Trypanosoma spp.
Polymorphic spindle-shaped Kinetoplast Flagella
undulating membrane
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Trypanosoma

• require more then one host to complete their life
  cycle
• transmitted through blood feeding invertebrates
  (insects)
• mostly live in blood tissue but can be found in
  different locations in the host
• uses antigen variation, or variation of the
  protein coat, in order to avoid detection by the
  body
• It cause sleeping sickness or Trypanosomiasis

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Trypanosomes

• Salivarian Trypanosomes
• Stercorian Trypanosomes

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Human Trypanosomiasis
African Trypanosomiasis

• West-Africa Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
• sleeping sickness.
• East-Africa Trypanosoma brucei rhodiesiense

American Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma cruzi
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Trypanosomiasis in Africa Vector - Tse Tse fly

• Trypanosoma brucei gambiense , causes chronic
  infection lasting years, and affects countries of
  western and central Africa Glossina palpalis
  (Western Africa)
• Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense , causes acute
  illness (much worse) lasting several weeks in
  southern and eastern Africa.
• Glossina mortisans (Eastern Africa)

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How is it Transmitted?

• African sleeping sickness is transmitted by the
  tsetse fly, found only in rural Africa. There are
  over 22 types of this fly and all scrictly feed
  on Blood
• Breed by Rivers and streams
• A pregnant woman could pass the infection to her
  child and, in theory, the infection could also be
  transmitted by blood transfusion or sexual
  contact

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Millions of square kilometers of Africa are home
to the tsetse fly, vector of trypanosomiasis

Uganda Kenya Tanzania Malawi Ethiopia Zaire
Zimbabwe Botswana
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• After the fly bites the protist enters the
  bloodstream and begins to avoid the bodies immune
  system by antigenic variation.
• While this is ocuring it gives the protist a
  chance to replicate and inhabit other parts of
  the body. The replicated protists move throughout
  the body and begin affecting the bodies organs.
• In advanced cases of this disease the parasite
  invades the central nervous system and can change
  the patients behavior and cause other
  neurological problems

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Signs Symptoms

• First Stage

• In the first stage the parasite is found in the
  peripheral circulation, but has not yet invaded
  the central nervous system. hemolymphatic stage
• Symptoms include
• Headaches
• aching muscles and joints
• Fever
• Swollen lymph nodes all over the body
• Swollen, red, painful nodule at site of fly bite
  (Primary chancre) - resolves 2-3 weeks

The symptoms of both West and East African
Sleeping Sickness are essentially the same
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Winterbottom's sign - Swollen lymph nodes along
back of neck in child with early trypanosomiasis
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• Chronic Disease Phase
• In the second stage, the parasite crosses the
  blood-brain barrier and infects the central
  nervous system. Neurological phase
• Symptoms include
• Confusion
• Personality or mood changes
• Difficulty walking and talking
• Seizures
• Night insomnia
• loss of consciousness and coma

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Diagnosis

• Microscopic examination
• chancre fluid
• lymph node aspirates
• Blood
• bone marrow
• cerebrospinal fluid (late stages of infection)
• Serology
• Animal inoculation  

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Prevention

• Currently there is no vaccine or drug to prevent
  infection of African sleeping sickness.
• This illness is only spread by the bite of a
  Tsetse fly, so if possible, the best way to
  prevent this illness is to avoid travelling to
  Africa.

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• Preventative Measures Include
• Wearing long-sleeved shirts and pants of
  medium-weight material in neutral colors.
• Inspecting vehicles for flies before entering.
• Avoiding bushes since tsetse flies are less
  active during the hottest parts of the day.

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Natural Reservoir Hosts
Thompsons gazelle
Impala
Oryx
Warthog
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Domesticated Reservoir Hosts
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Control

• Destruction of animal reservoir
• Vector Control
• Diagnosis treatment