Chapter 14 The High Middle Ages

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Chapter 14The High Middle Ages

• Section 1
• The Crusades

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Causes of the Crusades

• During the late 1000s the Seljuq Turks, Muslims
  from Central Asia, gained control of Palestine
• The Turks went on to attack Asia Minor
• When they threatened to take Constantinople, the
  Byzantine Empire called on Pope Urban II
• Eager to take back the Holy Land Pope Urban
  called on Europeans to join in a Crusade against
  the Seljuq Turks
• The Crusades were a series of military
  expeditions to regain the Holy Land
• The 10,000 people who took up the cause sewed
  crosses on their clothes and were called Crusaders

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Crusaders
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The First Crusade

• The 1st Crusade lasted from 1096 to 1099
• French and Italian soldiers marched to
  Constantinople
• They passed through Constantinople and continued
  on through Palestine to the city of Antioch
• They then marched down the coast toward the holy
  city of Jerusalem.
• Fleet ships from Italy brought supplies to the
  crusaders and after a series of vicious battles
  the crusaders captured Jerusalem slaughtering its
  Muslim and Jewish inhabitants

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The 1st Crusade
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The Second Crusade

• The capture of Jerusalem brought most of the Holy
  Land under European Control.
• They set up 4 small states and introduced the
  feudal system and trade increased
• The Christians and the Muslims lived along side
  each other and grew to respect one another
• But by 1146 the Turks united their forces and
  started taking back the captured cities
• In 1147 the 2nd Crusade began when King Louis VII
  of France and King Conrad III of Germany sent
  armies to recapture the cities.
• The Turks held and the crusaders returned to
  Europe in disgrace

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The 2nd Crudsade
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The Third Crusade

• In 1187 Muslim leader Saladin took control of
  Jerusalem
• Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King
  Phillip III of France and King Richard I of
  England led separate armies to take Jerusalem
• Barbarossa drowned on the way to the Holy Land
  and his army turned back
• Phillip III took his army back to take over
  English lands in France
• Richard remained in the Holy Land but could not
  take Jerusalem.
• Instead he settled for a truce with Saladin. They
  gained some towns along the coast and Christians
  were allowed in the Holy City freely

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The 3rd Crusade
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The Fourth Crusade

• Pope Innocent III gathered a group of French
  knights to embark on the 4th Crusade
• In 1202 they left on ships provided by Venice
• On the way the Venetians convinced the crusader
  to attack the city of Zadar, a trade rival to
  Venice. Because Zadar was a Christian city,
  Innocent III excommunicated the crusaders who
  attacked it
• In 1204 the crusaders attacked and looted
  Constantinople, stealing many things that were
  holy to the Byzantine Christians
• At the end of the 4th Crusade Europe was in
  control of Constantinople
• After about 60 years of European control, the
  Byzantines eventually regained control. Until
  1453 when the Turks took it again

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Other Crusades

• In 1212 the Childrens Crusade took place.
• Young people from all over Europe decided to
  march to the Holy Land
• They lacked training and supplies and by the time
  they reached the Mediterranean coast the army was
  little more than a mob. The pope sent them home
• For many years, crusaders tried to take the Holy
  Land. The Crusades continued until 1291 when the
  Muslims captured the city of Acre.
• With the citys fall the Crusades ended

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Results of the Crusades

• The goal of the Crusades was to take Holy Land
  from the Turks. All but the First Crusade failed
  to do so, but the Crusades did bring about many
  changes in Europe
• The Crossbow became a popular weapon during the
  Crusades because it did not require much skill to
  use and could penetrate chain mail and armor
• They also learned how to use catapults and how to
  undermine walls
• From Muslims they may have learned about gun
  powder

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New Weapons
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Political Changes

• To raise money for the Crusades, some lords sold
  their lands. Without land they had no power in
  the feudal system
• Many nobles died fighting. With fewer lords the
  kings grew in power
• All of these changes helped to bring an end to
  feudalism
• The Crusades also made the church more powerful
• As organizers of the Crusades, the popes took on
  more importance

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Changes in Ideas and Trade

• Between 1096 and 1291 thousands of crusaders
  traveled through the Holy Land exchanging ideas
  with crusaders from other parts of Europe as well
  as the Muslims and Byzantines
• The Crusades also helped make Italy into a major
  trading power
• When the Italians would take the crusaders to the
  Holy Land they would come back with ships full of
  good from Asia such as apricots, lemons, melons,
  rice and sugar

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Review

• Pope Urban called on Europeans to join in a
  Crusade against who?
• At the end of the 4th Crusade who was in control
  of Constantinople?
• What helped make Italy into a major trading power?

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The End?