5.Project planning and management

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5. Project planning and management

• Role of a manager
• Charts and Critical Path Analysis
• Estimation Techniques
• Monitoring

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Role of a manager

• Directs resources for the achievement of goals
• LEADER also provides
• Vision
• Inspiration
• Rises above the usual
• No one right way to manage

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Management Continuum
Authoritarian
Democratic
Autocratic
Consultative
Participate
Solves problems alone Dictates decisions
Discusses Problems Makes decision
Chairperson Agrees problem Creates consensus
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Managerial Roles

• (after Henry Mintzberg)
• Interpersonal
• Figurehead
• Leader
• Liaison
• Informational Roles
• Monitor
• Disseminator
• Spokesperson
• Decisional Roles
• Entrepreneur
• Resource Allocator
• Disturbance Allocator
• Negotiator

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Qualities

• Technical/Professional knowledge
• Organisational know-how
• Ability to grasp situation
• Ability to make decisions
• Ability to manage change
• Creative
• Mental flexibility - Learns from experience
• Pro-active
• Moral courage
• Resilience
• Social skills
• Self Knowledge

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Variables

• Resource
• Time
• Function
• You can have any two of quick, good or cheap,
  but not all three

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Development cycle
Effort
Time
Specification Analysis Build Test Maintain
Alpha Beta
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Crossing the Chasm

• Geoffrey Moore, after Everett Rogers

Tech
Utility
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Approaches and methodologies

• Top Down
• Waterfall decomposition
• Bottom Up
• meta machine
• Rapid Prototype
• successive refinement
• Muddle through

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Spiral Methodology
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Pert and Gantt Charts

• Visual representation of project
• Microsoft Project

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Example Getting up in the morning
Task Duration (mins) 1 Alarm rings 0 2. Wake
Up 3 3. Get out of bed 5 4. Wash 5 5. Get
dressed 5 6. Put kettle on 2 7 Wait for
kettle to boil 5 8 Put toast on 2 9 Wait for
Toast 3 10 Make coffee 3 11 Butter
Toast 2 12 Eat Breakfast 10 13 Leave for
Lectures 0
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Pert Chart
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Critical Path Analysis

• Compute earliest and latest start/finish for each
  task
• The difference is the slack
• The Critical Path joins the tasks for which there
  is no slack
• Any delay in tasks on the on the critical path
  affects the whole project

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Pert Chart
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Gantt Chart
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Example
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Example Pert
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Levelling

• Adjust tasks to match resources available
• Automatic systems available, but do not always
  give an optimum result
• Tasks may be delayed within slack without
  affecting project dates
• Otherwise consider extending project, or using
  more resource
• Adding resource to late project may cause
  RECURSIVE COLLAPSE
• consider carefully whether the benefits outweigh
  the additional learning delays and overheads
• Derive costings

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Larger example
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Estimation Techniques

• Experience
• Comparison with similar tasks
• 20 lines of code/day
• can vary by 2 orders of magnitude
• Decomposition
• Plan to throw one away
• 20 working days per month BUT 200 per year

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Rules of Thumb

• Software projects
• estimate 10 x cost and 3 x time
• 1310 rule
• 1 cost of prototype
• 3 cost of turning prototype into a product
• 10 cost of sales and marketing
• gtgtProduct costs are dominated by cost of sales
• Hartrees Law
• The time to completion of any project, as
  estimated by the project leader, is a constant
  (Hartrees constant) regardless of the state of
  the project
• A project is 90 complete 90 of the time
• 80 Rule
• Dont plan to use more than 80 of the available
  resources
• Memory, disc, cycles, programming resource....

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Cynics Project Stages

• Enthusiasm
• Disillusionment
• Panic
• Persecution of the innocent
• Praise of the bystander