Problems of Urbanization

1
Problems of Urbanization
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The New Immigrants

• I. Through the GOLDEN DOOR many immigrants came
  to the US because they were lured to the promise
  of a better life. Some of these immigrants
  sought to escape difficult conditions poverty,
  famine, religious or political persecution.
  Other immigrants were birds of passage short
  term stay for

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Immigrants from Europe

• Between 1870 1920, 20 million Europeans
  migrated to the US (mostly from GB, Ireland
  Germany). However, in the late 1890s many began
  to come from South Eastern Europe (Austria and
  Russia) They arrived through what they deemed as
  the Golden Door.
• Jews left Russia as refugees they were being
  driven out by pogroms anti-Semitic campaign
  that led to the massacre of Jews
• Other Reasons Europeans left Homelands
• Overcrowding population of Europe doubled to
  432 million
• Jobs were plentiful in the US
• Spirit of Reform and Revolt in Europe
• Generally all Europeans came in through Ellis
  Island New York

4
Immigrants from China Japan

• Between 1851 1883 200,000 Chinese immigrated to
  the US
• Reasons for immigration GOLD/ Plentiful Jobs
  especially with the Railroad helped build
  transcontinental RR
• US will restrict Chinese Immigration in 1882
  (Chinese Exclusion Act)
• Japanese government allowed Hawaiians to recruit
  Japanese workers, eventually the US will annex
  the Hawaiian islands in 1898 word spread about
  high American wages causes Japanese immigration

5
Immigrants from the West Indies Mexico

• Mainly these people came in search of JOBS
• 200,000 migrated to the US between 1890 1920
• Some Mexicans became US citizens without leaving
  their home (Texas Annexation/ Mexican Cession/
  Calif)
• Other Mexicans came because of governmental
  policy National Reclamations of Land Act
  irrigation of arid lands (JOBS)

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II. Life in the New Land

• Journey across the Atlantic was by steamship and
  lasted approximately 1 week. Many immigrants
  traveled in steerage or in cargo decks below the
  ships waterline. Generally the air was stale,
  they slept in lice infested bunks and shared
  bathing and bath facilities with several other
  daring soles.

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ELLIS ISLAND

• E.I. was the immigration station in New York
  Harbor for countries across the Atlantic
• Statistics
• - 20 of immigrants that reached E I were
  detained
• - 2 of those that were detained were deported
• Processing immigrants
• - pass a physical examination doctor
• - Report to a government inspector check to
  see if they had legal requirements to enter US
• 1. literacy tests
• 2. prove they were able to work
• 3. have at least 25
• Between 1905 1907 it is estimated that 11,000
  immigrants entered Ellis Island each day

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Angel Island

• Immigration Station on the west coast primarily
  Asians entered the US at this location. Coming
  through Angel Island was quite different than
  entrance at Ellis Island. Immigrants were
  shackled and chained for days while questioned of
  their intention

9
Culture Shock

• Culture Shock is confusion and anxiety resulting
  from being placed in a culture and a society that
  one doe not understand
• Problems
• Finding a place to live
• Getting a job
• Having few friends to help
• many dealt with this situation by forming
  Burroughs same culture neighborhoods that
  shared common beliefs, customs, values, and
  religion
• these neighborhood formations gave rise to the
  idea of being a Hyphenated American
  Italian-American
• (Salad Bowl vs Melting Pot Theory)

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Lower East Side Immigrant Family
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A Struggling Immigrant Family
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Another Struggling Immigrant Family
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Reaction to Immigration

• Strong Anti-immigrant feeling grew in the US
• Nativism
• Anti-Asian Sentiment
• Led to
• Chinese Exclusion Act
• Gentlemens Agreement

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I. Urban Opportunities

• The main reason that people moved to urban areas
  in because of opportunity. People saw these
  industrial areas as places of work and an escape
  from poverty. (Urbanization)
• A. Immigrants settle in Cities - most of the
  immigrants who came to the US became city
  dwellers cheapest way to live
• 1. cities provided unskilled laborers jobs and
  provided Social support of other immigrant
  families (lived in boroughs)
• Could practice their own language
• Could practice their own customs and beliefs
• Practiced their own religion

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• 2. By 1910 immigrant families made up more than
  half the total population of 18 major US cities
• 3. Soon overcrowding becomes a problem
• B. Migration from country to city Farming
  technology improved drastically during the second
  half of the 19c with such inventions as the steel
  plow, McCormick reaper, Cord binder this meant
  that fewer laborers were needed --- causing many
  rural people to move to cities because of loss of
  jobs

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• Cities also offered different cultural
  experiences and a faster paced lifestyle
• - NY CITY 1st moving pictures, YANKEES
• - Chicago Buffalo Bills Wild West Show or
  Columbian Exposition
• - Boston - Redsox

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II. Urban Problems

• A. Housing When the industrial revolution began
  there was not much housing opportunity for middle
  class workers
• 1. Housing on the Outskirts if Town
• 2. Rent rooms in boarding houses
• SOLUTION
• Row Houses attached single dwellings that
  shared side walls
• Dumbbell Tenements long, narrow, 5 or 6 story
  buildings that were shaped like barbells

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Jacob Riis' How the Other Half Lives (1890)
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Mulberry Street Bend, 1889
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5-Cent Lodgings
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Mens Lodgings
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Womens Lodgings
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Immigrant Family Lodgings
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Dumbbell Tenement Plan
Tenement House Act of 1879, NYC
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Blind Beggar, 1888
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Italian Rag-Picker
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1890s Morgue Basement Saloon
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Black Tan Saloon
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• B. Transportation traveling about the cities
  safely and efficiently was difficult. Before
  Industrialization people went on foot or on horse
  drawn carriage, but innovations in mass transit
  made transportation much easier.
• 1. Cable Cars 1st used in San Francisco
• 2. Street Cars developed in Richmond Virginia
• 3. Electric Subways 1897 Boston
• Linked your city with suburbs

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• C. Water Cities also faced the problem of
  providing water that was safe to drink. As the
  urban population grew cities began to develop
  public water works. (first ones in NYC and
  Cleveland) The necessity for safe and clean water
  was important in order to reduce the spread of
  such diseases as cholera and typhoid. Therefore
  Chlorination was introduced in 1893 and
  filtration in 1908. Still by the early 20th
  century many people did not have plumbing.

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• D. Sanitation Most cities had serious
  sanitation problems
• 1. Horse manure piled up in the streets
• 2. Sewage flowed through open gutters
• 3. Factories produced fowl smoke
• 4. No dependable system of garbage clean up
• By 1900 most city governments will develop a
  sanitation department to combat this ongoing
  problem

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• E. Fire
• 1. Limited water supply in cities caused another
  disturbing problem - the spread of fire
• 2. Most major cities experienced a fire between
  the 1870s and 1880s
• 3. Another serious problem was that most cities
  were packed with wooden dwellings. These
  dwellings acted like kindling for fires.
• 4. People used kerosene and candles inside as a
  source of heat and light.
• Solutions
• 1. Firefighters were originally volunteers -
  Cincinnati will develop the first Fire Department
  1900
• 2. Development of Automatic Sprinklers for
  buildings
• 3. Buildings will be made of brick and concrete

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• F. Crime
• CON MEN
• Murders Alley Robbers Roosts

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Bandits Roost
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Mullens Alley Gang
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The Street Was Their Playground
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Emergence of Political Machines

• I. Political Machines Run Cities
• Late 19c cities were in trouble
• Social Darwinism opened the way for a new
  political structure
• Political Machines were an organized group that
  controlled activities of a political party in a
  city and offered services to voters and business
  to merchants in return for votes
• Structure Pyramid Base
• Main purpose of individuals was to get candidate
  elected

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• B. Role of the Political Boss controlled
  thousands of municipal jobs, including those in
  police, fire and sanitation departments
• By solving city problems they could reinforce
  voter loyalty
• C. Immigrants Political machines
• - Received sympathetic understanding from
  political machines and in turn became loyal
  supporters
• - Political base for machines were 1st and 2nd
  generation immigrants raised in poverty/
  generally did not have more than a grammar school
  education
• - Provided solutions for immigrants
• Helped them to become naturalized in return for
  votes

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II. Municipal Graft and Scandal

• Many political bosses fell victim to greed and
  corruption as their power and influence grew
• A. Election fraud and graft since power of
  political machines was not always enough many
  bosses resorted to voter fraud in order to retain
  their political control
• Why USE FRAUD
• Kick Backs illegal payments
• Grant Favors
• Accepted Bribes
• police did nothing to control corruption
  because often times they were hired by the
  political machines and their livelihood depended
  upon the paycheck received from the machine

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Tweed Ring Scandal

• William Marcy Tweed was head of Tamany Hall in
  NYC powerful democratic political machines
• Tweed Ring group of corrupt politicians that
  pocketed as much as 200 million from the city in
  Kickbacks.
• Thomas Nast a cartoonist help to publicize the
  corrupt government in NYC
• Eventually in 1871 the Tweed Ring was broken up
  and Boss Tweed was indicted on 120 counts of
  fraud and extortion. In 1873 he was sentenced to
  12 years in prison served 2 and escaped to
  Spain Captured by Spanish Officials because
  they recognized by using Nasts cartoons.

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Politics of the GILDED AGE

• The GILDED AGE is a period in history when the
  external glitter of wealth concealed the growing
  gap between the very rich and the poor masses
  Charles Dickens

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The "Politics of Equilibrium"
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1. A Two-Party Stalemate
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Two-Party Balance
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2. Intense Voter Loyalty to theTwo
MajorPolitical Parties
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3. Well-Defined Voting Blocs
DemocraticBloc
RepublicanBloc

• White southerners(preservation ofwhite
  supremacy)
• Catholics
• Recent immigrants(esp. Jews)
• Urban working poor (pro-labor)
• Most farmers

• Northern whites(pro-business)
• African Americans
• Northern Protestants
• Old WASPs (supportfor anti-immigrant laws)
• Most of the middleclass

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4. Very Laissez Faire Federal Govt.

• From 1870-1900 ? Govt. did verylittle
  domestically.
• Main duties of the federal govt.
• Deliver the mail.
• Maintain a national military.
• Collect taxes tariffs.
• Conduct a foreign policy.
• Exception ? administer the annual Civil War
  veterans pension.

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5. The Presidency as a Symbolic Office

• Party bosses ruled.
• Presidents should avoid offending anyfactions
  within theirown party.
• The President justdoled out federal jobs.
• 1865 ? 53,000 people worked for the federal
  govt.
• 1890 ? 166,000
  

Senator Roscoe Conkling
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I. Civil Service Replaces Patronage

• 1. Desire for Money and power made politics so
  corrupt at the local level of government that it
  effected the national level.
• 2. Since the beginning of the 19c presidents had
  complained about Patronage (Spoils System)
  theory was that winning candidates deserved
  spoils (started by Andy Jackson) people were
  given the spoils whether they were qualified or
  not.
• 3. Instead of addressing national interests
  presidents had to deal w/ the headache of
  distributing government jobs people who
  received the jobs used them for personal gain
  corruption GRANTISM ANYONE?
• 4. Reformers began to press for a federal system
  based on a MERIT SYSTEM qualifications --

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A. Hayes Launches Reform

• 1876 election gave the office of Presidency to
  Rutherford B. Hayes. One month after his election
  he wrote in his diary Now for civil service
  reform idea had no legislative support
• 1. Other measures of the Hayes Administration
• Named independents to CABINET
• Fired government officials who had no work to do
  cut government expenditures
• Set up commissions investigated Custom Houses

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B. Garfield Continues Reforms

• In 1880 Hayes decided not to run for reelection
• At the 1880 Republican Convention a fight broke
  out between Stalwarts and Reformers
• Stalwarts Republicans who opposed change in the
  spoils system
• Reformers republicans who supported the merit
  system
• Reformers were also divided into two groups
• Mugwamps republicans who were for reform
• Halfbreeds favored the merit system but were
  loyal to their party

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1880 Presidential Election Republicans
Half Breeds
Stalwarts
Sen. James G. Blaine Sen. Roscoe
Conkling (Maine)
(New York)
compromise
James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur (VP)
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1880 Presidential Election Democrats
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Inspecting the Democratic Curiosity Shop
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1880 Presidential Election
56

• To settle this dispute the Republican
  Presidential ticket would be split
• James A. Garfield (P) Reformist/ Mugwamp
• Chester A. Arthur (VP) Stalwart
• Eventually the Republicans win the election and
  Garfield gives many of his government jobs to
  people who support the Merit System
• July 2 1881 Garfield walked through the DC
  train station and was shot 2 times by Charles
  Guiteau whom Garfield had turned down for a job
• Garfield died September 19, 1881

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C. Arthur Turns Reformer and Supports Civil
Service

• 1. His 1st message to Congress was to pass the
  PENDLETON ACT authorized a bipartisan civil
  service commission to make appointments to
  federal positions through the merit system ( By
  1940 40 of all govt jobs were civil service
  jobs!)
• Benefits of this system
• Government more honest and efficient
• Stronger ties between government and wealthy

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1881 Garfield Assassinated!
Charles GuiteauI Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is
President now!
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Chester A. ArthurThe Fox in the Chicken Coop?
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Pendleton Act (1883)

• Civil Service Act.
• The Magna Carta of civil service reform.
• 1883 ? 14,000 out of117,000 federal govt.jobs
  became civilservice exam positions.
• 1900 ? 100,000 out of 200,000 civil service
  federal govt. jobs.

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Republican Mugwumps

• Reformers who wouldnt re-nominateChester A.
  Arthur.
• Reform to them ? create a disinterested,
  impartial govt. run by an educated elite like
  themselves.
• Social Darwinists.
• Laissez faire government to them
• Favoritism the spoils system seen as govt.
  intervention in society.
• Their target was political corruption, not
  social or economic reform!

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TheMugwumps
Men may come and men may go, but the work of
reform shall go on forever.

• Will support Cleveland in the1884 election.

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II. Attempts to Regulate Tariffs Fail

• Protective Tariff tax on imports that attempt
  to protect domestic production
• A. In 1884 the Democratic Party captures the
  Presidency with GROVER CLEVELAND 1st democratic
  president in 28yrs. (Southerner disliked
  tariffs) Congress was Republican Gridlock
  Therefore Cleveland loses the election of 1888 to
  Benjamin Harrison even though Cleveland won the
  popular vote. Harrison wanted higher tariffs
  helped to Pass the McKinley Tariff increased
  the tariff to the highest level ever 66
• In 1892 Cleveland was elected again (only
  president to serve 2 nonconsecutive terms he
  supported the Wilson Gorman Bill lowered
  tariffs but called for an income tax he would
  not sign it because of the income tax
• 1897 McKinley Inaugurated President and raised
  tariffs once more.

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1884 Presidential Election
Grover Cleveland James Blaine
(DEM) (REP)
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A Dirty Campaign
Ma, Mawheres my pa?Hes going to the White
House, ha ha ha!
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Little Lost Mugwump
Blaine in 1884
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Rum, Romanism Rebellion!

• Led a delegation of ministers to Blaine inNYC.
• Reference to the Democratic Party.
• Blaine was slow torepudiate the remark.
• Narrow victory forCleveland he wins NYby only
  1149 votes!.

Dr. Samuel Burchard
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1884 Presidential Election
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Clevelands First Term

• The Veto Governor from New York.
• First Democratic elected since 1856.
• A public office is a public trust!
• His laissez-faire presidency
• Opposed bills to assist the poor aswell as the
  rich.
• Vetoed over 200 special pension billsfor Civil
  War veterans!

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Bravo, Señor Clevelando!
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The Tariff Issue

• After the Civil War, Congress raisedtariffs to
  protect new US industries.
• Big business wanted to continue thisconsumers
  did not.
• 1885 ? tariffs earned the US 100 mil.
  in surplus!
• Mugwumps opposed it ? WHY???
• President Clevelands view on tariffs????
• Tariffs became a major issue in the
  1888presidential election.

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Filing the Rough Edges
Tariff of 1888
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1888 Presidential Election
Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison
(DEM) (REP)
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Coming Out for Harrison
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The Smallest Specimen Yet
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1888 Presidential Election
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Disposing the Surplus
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Changing Public Opinion

• Americans wanted the federal govt. to dealwith
  growing soc. eco. problems to curbthe power
  of the trusts
• Interstate Commerce Act 1887
• Sherman Antitrust Act 1890
• McKinley Tariff 1890
• Based on the theory that prosperityflowed
  directly from protectionism.
• Increased already high rates another 4!
• Rep. Party suffered big losses in 1890
  (evenMcKinley lost his House seat!).

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1892 Presidential Election
Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison again!
(DEM) (REP)
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1892 Presidential Election
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Cleveland Loses Support Fast!

• The only President to serve two non-consecutive
  terms.
• Blamed for the 1893 Panic.
• Defended the gold standard.
• Used federal troops in the 1894Pullman strike.
• Refused to sign the Wilson-GormanTariff of 1894.
• Repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.