The Holocaust

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The Holocaust

• A Timeline

http//www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/ti
meline.html
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Holocaust

• holocaust (Greek holokaustos) n. great
  destruction resulting in the extensive loss of
  life, especially by fire.
• Holocaust the genocide of European Jews and
  others by the Nazis during World War II Israel
  emerged from the Holocaust and is defined in
  relation to that catastrophe (Emanuel
  Litvinoff).
• Anti-Semitism - hostility toward and
  discrimination against the Jews

3
Pre-War
4
1933

• Jan 30- Adolph Hitler is appointed Chancellor of
  Germany.
• Feb 27- Nazis burn down the Reichstag, the German
  Parliament building civil rights are suspended.
• March 24- German Parliament passes the Enabling
  Act, giving Hitler dictatorial powers.

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5/10/34 - The burning of books.
Where they burn books, they will ultimately also
burn people Heinrich Henne 1821
6
1933

• 4/11 - Nazis issue a decree defining a non-Aryan
  as "anyone descended from non-Aryan, especially
  Jewish, parents or grandparents. One parent or
  grandparent classifies the descendant as
  non-Aryan...especially if one parent or
  grandparent was of the Jewish faith.
• 7/14 - Nazi Party is declared the only legal
  party in Germany Also, Nazis pass law to strip
  Jewish immigrants from Poland of their German
  citizenship.
• 9/29 - Nazis prohibit Jews from owning land.
• 3 concentration camps established

7
1934

• 5/17/34 - Jews not allowed national health
  insurance.
• 6/30/1934 Night of the Long Knives Nazis
  conduct a purge of the SA
• 7/2/34 Ernst Rohm, leader of SA, executed
• 8/2/34 - German President von Hindenburg dies.
  Hitler becomes Führer Reich Chancellor.

8
1935

• 5/21/35 - Nazis ban Jews from serving in the
  military.
• 8/6/35 - Nazis force Jewish performers/artists to
  join Jewish Cultural Unions.
• 9/15/35 - Nuremberg Race Laws against Jews
  decreed.

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The Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935 deprived German
Jews of their rights of citizenship, giving them
the status of "subjects" in Hitler's Reich. The
laws also made it forbidden for Jews to marry or
have sexual relations with Aryans or to employ
young Aryan women as household help.
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1936

• March 7- Nazis occupy the Rhineland.
• June 17 - Heinrich Himmler is appointed chief of
  the German Police.
• Aug 1- Olympic games begin in Berlin. Hitler and
  top Nazis seek to gain legitimacy through
  favorable public opinion from foreign visitors
  and thus temporarily refrain from actions against
  Jews.

Heinrich Himmler
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ID Triangles

• Yellow Jews two stars overlaid to form Star
  of David, with word Jude inscribed
• Red political dissidents, incl. Communists
• Green common criminals
• Purple Jehovahs Witnesses
• Blue immigrants
• Brown gypsies
• Black lesbians anti-socials
• Pink gay men

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http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_ca
mp_badges
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1937

• 1/1937 - Jews are banned from many professional
  occupations including teaching Germans, and from
  being accountants or dentists. They are also
  denied tax reductions and child allowances.
• 7/16/1937 - Buchenwald Concentration Camp opens
• 11/8/1937 - Eternal Jew traveling exhibition
  opens in Munich

15
1938

• 3/12, 3/13 - Nazi troops enter Austria, which has
  a population of 200,000 Jews, mainly living in
  Vienna.
• 7/1938 - At Evian, France, the U.S. convenes a
  League of Nations conference with delegates from
  32 countries to consider helping Jews fleeing
  Hitler, but results in inaction as no country
  will accept them.
• 7/23/38 - Nazis order Jews over age 15 to apply
  for identity cards from the police, to be shown
  on demand to any police officer.

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EVIAN CONFERENCE - 1938
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1938

• Aug 17- Nazis require Jewish women to add Sara
  and men to add Israel to their names on all legal
  documents including passports.
• Oct 15 - Nazi troops occupy the Sudetenland.
• Oct 28 - Nazis arrest 17,000 Jews of Polish
  nationality living in Germany, then expel them
  back to Poland which refuses them entry, leaving
  them in 'no-man's land' near the Polish border
  for several months.
• Nov 7 Herschel Grynszpan assassinates Ernst vom
  Rath

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Nov 9/10 - Kristallnacht - The Night of Broken
Glass.

• On November 9, mob violence broke out as the
  regular German police stood by and crowds of
  spectators watched. Nazi storm troopers along
  with members of the SS and Hitler Youth beat and
  murdered Jews, broke into and wrecked Jewish
  homes, and brutalized Jewish women and children.

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KRISTALLNACHT

• It was decided in advance that the German police
  would not interfere with the outbursts against
  the Jews
• 91 killed
• 25,000-30,000 Jews arrested and sent to
  concentration camps
• 267 synagogues ransacked or set on fire
• 7500 businesses destroyed

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1938

• Nov 12- Nazis fine Jews one billion marks for
  damages related to Kristallnacht.
• Nov 15- Jewish pupils are expelled from all
  non-Jewish German schools.
• Dec 14- Hermann Göring takes charge of resolving
  the "Jewish Question."

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1939

• 2/21 - Nazis force Jews to hand over all gold and
  silver items.
• 4/30 - Jews lose rights as tenants and are
  relocated into Jewish houses.
• 5/13/-6/16 - The SS St. Louis, a ship crowded
  with 930 Jewish refugees with landing permits for
  Cuba, is turned away by Cuba the United States
  and returns to Europe Britain, Holland, Belgium,
  France share in taking the refugees

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WWII
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1939

• 9/1 - Nazis invade Poland (Jewish pop. 3.35
  million, the largest in Europe). Beginning of SS
  activity in Poland.
• 9/1 - Jews in Germany are forbidden to be
  outdoors after 8 p.m. in winter and 9 p.m. in
  summer.
• 9/21 Reinhard Heydrich issues instructions to
  SS Einsatzgruppen (special action squads) in
  Poland regarding treatment of Jews, stating they
  are to be gathered into ghettos near railroads
  for the future "final goal.

25
1939

• Sept - Quote from Nazi newspaper, Der Stürmer,
  published by Julius Streicher - "The Jewish
  people ought to be exterminated root and branch.
  Then the plague of pests would have disappeared
  in Poland at one stroke."
• Nov 23- Yellow stars required to be worn by
  Polish Jews over age 10.

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1940

• 4/9 German invasion of Denmark Norway
• 4/29 - Nazis choose the town of Oswiecim
  (Auschwitz) in Poland near Krakow as site of new
  concentration camp.
• 5/10 - German invasion of Holland, Belgium
  France
• 7/1940 - Eichmann's Madagascar Plan presented,
  proposing to deport all European Jews to the
  island of Madagascar, off the coast of east
  Africa.

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Auschwitz
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1940

• 9/27 - Tripartite (Axis) Pact signed by Germany,
  Italy and Japan.
• 11/1940 - The Krakow Ghetto is sealed off
  containing 70,000 Jews.
• 11/15 - The Warsaw Ghetto, containing over
  400,000 Jews, is sealed off.

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1941

• 4/6/1941 Yugoslavia Greece invaded by Germany
• 6/22/1941 German invasion of the USSR
• 7/31/1941 Goering appoints Reinhard Heydrich to
  carry out final Solution against the Jews
• Summer - Himmler summons Auschwitz Kommandant
  Rudolf Höess to Berlin and tells him, "The Führer
  has ordered the Final Solution of the Jewish
  question. We, the SS, have to carry out this
  order...I have therefore chosen Auschwitz for
  this purpose.
• 12/11/1941 Germany declares war on the US

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1941

• 12/11/41 the voyage of the Struma begins from
  Bulgaria to Palestine
• The Struma is held at Istanbul for 70 days
• 2/23/42 Struma towed out to Black Sea
• 2/24/42 Russian submarine sinks the Struma with
  only 1 survivor

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1942

• 1/1942 - Mass killings of Jews using Zyklon-B
  begin at Auschwitz-Birkenau in Bunker I (the red
  farmhouse) in Birkenau with the bodies being
  buried in mass graves in a nearby meadow.
• 1/20/42 Wannsee Conference mass plan to
  eliminate 11 million European Jews detailed
• 3/1/42 - Belzec extermination begins
• 3/17/42 Treblinka death camp opens

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Facsimiles of the minutes of the Wannsee
Conference. This page lists the number of Jews in
every European country.
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1942

• 6/10/42 Heydrich murdered
• 7/22/42 Warsaw ghetto Jews begin to move to
  Treblinka
• June 30 and July 2 - The New York Times reports
  via the London Daily Telegraph that over
  1,000,000 Jews have already been killed by Nazis
• Dec 28, 1942 - Sterilization experiments on women
  at Birkenau begin

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Map of Camps
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1943

• 3/1/43 - In New York, American Jews hold a mass
  rally at Madison Square Garden to pressure the
  U.S. government into helping the Jews of Europe.
• 4/4/43 - Newly built gas chamber/crematory V
  opens at Auschwitz
• 4/19/43 Warsaw ghetto uprising
• 4/19/43 Warsaw ghetto destruction begins
• 6/1943 Himmler orders all ghettos in Poland
  liquidated

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Joseph Mengele Angel of Death
39
1944

• 3/19/44 German invasion of Hungary
• 5/15/44 - Jews from Hungary arrive at Auschwitz.
  Eichmann arrives to personally oversee and speed
  up the extermination process. By May 24, an
  estimated 100,000 have been gassed. Between May
  16 and May 31, the SS report collecting 88 pounds
  of gold and white metal from the teeth of those
  gassed. By the end of June, 381,661 persons -
  half of the Jews in Hungary - arrive at
  Auschwitz.

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1944

• 8/4/44 - Anne Frank and family arrested by
  Gestapo in Amsterdam, then sent to Auschwitz.
  Anne and her sister Margot are later sent to
  Bergen-Belsen where Anne dies of typhus on March
  15, 1945.
• 10/30/44 - Last use of gas chambers at Auschwitz.
  
• 11/8/44 - Nazis force 25,000 Jews to walk over
  100 miles in rain and snow from Budapest to the
  Austrian border, followed by a second forced
  march of 50,000 persons, ending at Mauthausen.

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1945

• 1/1945 - As the Allies advance, the Nazis conduct
  death marches of concentration camp inmates away
  from outlying areas.
• 1/27/45 - Soviet troops liberate Auschwitz. By
  this time, an estimated 2,000,000 persons,
  including 1,500,000 Jews, have been murdered
  there.
• 4/30/45 - Hitler commits suicide in his Berlin
  bunker.
• 5/8/45 - Unconditional German surrender

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Post-War
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Nuremberg Trials

• 12/9/46 - former SS doctors and scientists go on
  trial before a U.S. Military Tribunal at
  Nuremberg. Sixteen are found guilty, with 7 being
  hanged.
• 11/1945-10/1946 - Twenty two former SS Nazi
  leaders go on trial before a U.S. Military
  Tribunal in Nuremberg for crimes against peace
  humanity and war crimes. Fourteen are sentenced
  to death. The others receive prison sentences.
  Herman Goering commits suicide before he could be
  executed.
• All were hung, cremated at Dachau, and ashes
  dumped into a river in Munich.

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Adolph Eichmann
45
After the War

• 5/11/1960 - Adolf Eichmann is captured in
  Argentina by Israeli secret service.

• 4/11-8/14/1961 - Eichmann on trial in Jerusalem
  for crimes against the Jewish people, crimes
  against humanity and war crimes. Found guilty and
  hanged at Ramleh on May 31, 1962. A fellow Nazi
  reported Eichmann once said "he would leap
  laughing into the grave because the feeling that
  he had five million people on his conscience
  would be for him a source of extraordinary
  satisfaction."

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The Holocaust by the Numbers
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Estimated Jewish Deaths by Country and of
Jewish Population Killed

• POLAND- 3,000,000 90
• USSR- 1,000,000 11
• HUNGARY- 596,000 70
• GERMANY- 200,000 90
• FRANCE- 77,320 26
• ROMANIA- 287,000 50
• AUSTRIA- 65,000 90
• LITHUANIA- 143,000 90
• BELGIUM- 28,900 60
• ITALY- 7,680 20
• FINLAND 7 1

• NETHERLANDS- 100,000 75
• BOHEMIA/MORAVIA- 71,150 89
• LATVIA- 80,000 90
• SLOVAKIA- 71,000 83
• YUGOSLAVIA- 63,300 60
• GREECE- 67,000 77
• DENMARK- 60 1
• ESTONIA- 2,000 90
• LUXEMBOURG- 1,950 20
• NORWAY- 762 41

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Totals

• Estimated Killed- 9,508,340
• Estimated Percentage of World Jewish Population-
  63

49
Terms

• Aryan pure Germanic race
• Einsatzgruppen mobile killing units disposing
  of undesirables
• Ghetto walled section of the city where Jews
  were forced to live
• Pogrom organized attack on Jews
• Zyclon-B insecticide used for massed gassing of
  Jews in the death camps