EEE 4211: Microprocessor and Input/Output System

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EEE 4211Microprocessor and Input/Output System
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MD. RAIHANUS SAADATLecturer,Department of
EEEAIUB
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Text BookDr. M. Rafiquzzaman, Microprocessors
and Microcomputer-based System Design
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Reference Book1. Barry B. Brey, The Intel
Microprocessors2. Ytha Yu and Charles Marut,
Assembly Language Programming and Organization
of the IBM PC3. Douglas V. Hall,
Microprocessors and Interfacing Programming
and Hardware 4. Albert Paul Malvino, Jerald A.
Brown, Digital Computer Electronics
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Distribution of mark

• Attendance 20
• Two late attendances one absence
• Class test 40
• 3 class-tests will be taken
• Best two will be counted
• No make up class test will be taken
• Mid term 40

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History of Computer1. Mechanical Age2.
Electrical Age3. Microprocessor Age
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The mechanical ageAbacus The first
calculating machine invented by Babylonians in
500 B.C.Geared Machine Geared machine was used
in 17th century
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Analytic Engine

• In 1937, Charles Babbage, aided by Augusta Ada
  Byron designed a mechanical computer
• It could store 1000 20 digit decimal numbers
• A variable program could modify the functions of
  the machine to perform.
• It required more than 50,000 mechanical parts,
  which could not be made with enough precision.

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The Electrical Age

• Z3
• In 1941 a German Scientist Konrad Zuse invented a
  mechanical machine driven by electric motor
• This was used in aircraft and missile design in
  World War II.

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Colosus

• The first electronic computer.
• Invented by Alan Turing in 1943.
• Non-programmable computer
• It was used to break the secret code of German
  military.

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ENIAC (electronic numerical integrator and
calculator)

• First general purpose programmable electronic
  computer.
• It contained 17,000 vacuum tubes and 500 miles of
  wires.
• It was invented in 1947 by University of
  Pennsylvania.
• Instruction execution rate 100,000 IPs

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Microprocessor Age

• Classification of Microprocessor
• Microprocessors are classified according to the
  length of data handled by its ALU at a time
• Example
• 4 bit, 8 bit, 16 bit and 32 bit
  microprocessor.

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4 bit microprocessor

• 4004
• 4 bit microprocessor
• Able to address 4096 4 bit wide memory
• Instruction set contained only 45 instructions
• It was fabricated using a PMOS technology
• Instruction execution rate was 50 KIPs

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4040

• Updated version of 4004.
• Use microwave ovens, small control system and
  calculator.

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8 bit microprocessor

• 8008 8 bit microprocessor, 16 K bytes memory, 48
  instructions.
• 8080 500,000 IPS, 64 K bytes memory,
• 8085
• In 1977, Intel Corporation introduced the last 8
  bit microprocessor.
• Execution rate 769,230 per second.
• Main advantage was internal clock and higher
  clock frequency.

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16 bit microprocessor

• 8086/8088
• 2.5 MIPs, 1 M byte memory
• 6 byte instruction cache or queue that prefetch a
  few instructions before execution
• 80286
• 4 MIPs, 16 M byte memory
• Almost identical to 8086.

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32 bit microprocessor

• 80386
• First 32 bit microprocessor.
• 32 bit data and 32 bit memory address.
• 4 G bytes memory
• It included hardware circuitry for memory
  management.

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80486

• 8 K byte cache memory
• Half cycle instruction execution.

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Pentium

• 4 G byte memory, 8 K byte data cache and 8 K byte
  instruction cache
• Data bus 64 bit
• Multimedia execution instructions or MMX
• Dual integer processors
• The Pentium simultaneously executes two
  independent instructions using superscalar
  technology
• Jump prediction technology of Pentium, speeds the
  execution of programs that include loops.
• Floating point processor processes floating point
  data

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Pentium Pro

• 21 million transistors, 3 integer units, one
  floating point unit
• 16 K byte level 1 cache (8 K byte for data and 8
  K byte for instructions) and 256 K level 2 caches
• 3 execution engines can be configured for 64 G
  byte memory and it is used with Windows NT
  operating system for server applications.

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Types of Computers

• Mainframe
• Super Computer
• Mini Computer
• Micro Computer

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Mainframe

• The largest and most powerful computer
• They are designed to work at very high speed
• Large data words, typically 64 bits or greater
• They have massive amount of memory
• Used in military defense control, business data
  processing, computer graphic display.
• Example IBM 4381

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Super Computer

• The fastest and more powerful mainframes are
  called Super Computer
• Example Cray Y-MP/ 832
• Used by largest firms, government agencies and
  universities

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Mini Computer

• Scaled-down versions of mainframe Computer
• Runs slowly, works with smaller data word
• Does not have as much memory as mainframe
• Used in scientific research and industrial control

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Micro Computer

• Small computer
• CPU is usually a single microprocessor
• Example Desk top, Lap top, Pam top

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Microprocessor Data Type

• Bit
• Byte
• Word
• Unsigned And Signed Binary Integers
• BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) Numbers
• ASCII
• Floating Point Numbers

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Microprocessor data type

• Bit
• smallest unit of information
• It represents either 1 or 0
• Byte
• 8 bits of data
• Word
• Data that is handled by a microprocessor at a
  time
• Ex 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit word

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Unsigned And Signed Binary Integers

• An unsigned binary integer has no arithmetic sign
• Example of unsigned integer is memory address
• Signed integer is represented in true form for a
  positive number and in twos complement form for
  a negative number

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BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) Numbers

• Each decimal digit is represented by four bit
  binary number
• Microprocessor stores BCD numbers in two forms,
  packed and unpacked
• The unpacked BCD number represents each BCD digit
  as a byte
• The packed BCD number represents two BCD digits
  in a byte

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ASCII

• Each character is represented by an integer.
• This code represents alphanumeric in a
  microprocessors memory
• It also represents special symbols

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Floating-Point Number

• Floating point numbers contains three components
  sign, exponent and mantissa
• For the decimal value -2.5x10-2, sign is
  negative, exponent is -2 and mantissa is 2.5
• A binary floating point number is represented as
  a normalized binary fraction raised to a power of
  2

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Example Convert decimal number 10 to standard
floating point format.

• 10d 1010b (1.010 x 23)b
• Sign S 0 for positive
• Biasing exponent 7Fh 3 82h 1000
  0010b
• 23 bit fraction 0100 0000 0000 0000 0000
  000
• The floating point equivalent of 10d is
• S Exponent Fraction
• 0 1000 0010 0100 0000 0000 0000 0000 000

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Overview of microcomputer structure and operation