3rd Nine Weeks Review

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3rd Nine Weeks Review
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Chapter 8
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1. Write the equation for photosynthesis. Circle
the reactants. Put a square around the products.
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2. Define an autotroph.

• An organism that produces its own food.

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3. Define a heterotroph.

• An organism that needs other organisms for food

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4. What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

• endergonic

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5. Why are leaves flat?

• So sunlight can penetrate the photosynthetic
  material

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Chapter 9
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6. Describe glycolysis.

• The first step in releasing the energy of
  glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken
  into two molecules of pyruvic acid

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7. What is the relationship of glucose in
photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

• Photosynthesis makes glucose and cellular
  respiration uses it for energy

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8. _______________ is the final electron acceptor
in the electron transport chain.
Oxygen
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9. Which requires energy, active transport,
osmosis, glycolysis, or phagocytosis?

• All except osmosis

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Chapter 19
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10. Define prokaryote.

• A cell without a nucleus

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11. Draw and label a T4 bacteriophage.
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• Describe the lytic and lysogenic cycle.

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13. AIDS is a retrovirus. What is a retrovirus?

• A virus that has RNA as its genetic information

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14. How do you prevent spread of viruses?

• Prevention
• Using vaccines

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15. What instrument would you use to see a virus?

• Because they are so small, an electron microscope
  is needed

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16. Evaluate the medical and economic importance
of viruses. Be sure to list some diseases caused
by viruses.

• Possibly used for gene therapy
• Diseases
• Chicken pox
• polio

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17. List the two bacteria kingdoms. Describe the
characteristics of each kingdom

• Archaebacteria
• Do not contain peptidoglycan
• Like harsh environments
• Eubacteria
• Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
• larger

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18. Label the bacteria.
flagellum
DNA
ribosomes
Cell membrane
peptidoglycan
Cell wall
Pili
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19. List and describe the shapes of bacteria.

• Bacilli-rod shaped
• Cocci-sphere or round shaped
• Spirilla-spiral shaped

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20. State the four parts of the Germ Theory. What
is the relationship to our current knowledge?

• 1. The microorganism can be found in the diseased
  animal.2. The microorganism can be isolated
  from the diseased animal and grown in the
  lab.3. The cultured microorganism will cause
  the disease when put in a healthy susceptible
  animal.4. The same microorganism can be
  isolated from the newly infected animal.

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21. What are vaccines? How do they work?

• A preparation of weakened or killed pathogen
• Prompts the body to produce immunity to the
  pathagen

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22. Which bacteria works symbiotically to us in
our intestines? What is meant by symbiosis?

• E coli
• Relationship in which two organisms live closely
  together

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23. What is a parasite?

• Where one organism lives in or on another

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24. How do bacteria make yogurt and cheese?

• By going through a fermentation process

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25. How do bacteria become resistant to
antibiotics?

• Because they use conjugation as a means of
  reproduction, they can take on the
  characteristics of other bacteria that are
  resistant

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26. How are bacteria economically important to us?

• Foods- yogurts, cheeses
• Medicine-vaccines,
• Agriculture- nitrogen fixation, decompose dead
  matter

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Chapter 20
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27. What is a fungi? How do they function in
their environment?

• Eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls
• As decomposers, as parasites,

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29. How are fungi different from plants?

• They dont make their own food
• Cell wall of chitin
• Not photosynthetic

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30. Describe how yeast reproduces.

• By budding
• Which is an outgrowth of the organism

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Chapter 21Protists
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31. Draw and label an Amoeba, Euglena, and a
Paramecium
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32. What does a contractile vacuole do?

• Regulates the flow of water in an out of the
  organism

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33. Which protist is animal like, and why are
they classified as such?

• Ameoba
• Paramecium
• Plasmodium
• They are heterotrophs and move about

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34. Which protists are plantlike?

• Euglena
• Diatoms
• Dinoflagellates
• Algae

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35. Which protist is fungus like?

• Water mold
• Slime mold

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36. Which protist causes red tide?

• Dinoflagellates

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37. List four diseases caused by protist. How are
they passed to humans?

• Malaria-by the Plasmodium carried by the mosquito
• African Sleeping Sickness- by the Trypanasoma
  carried by the tse tse fly
• Amebic dysentary- carried by the Giarda that is
  in water
• Toxoplasmosis (toxo) is an infection caused by a
  single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii.

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38. Explain alternation of generation.

• Where an organisms switches from haploid to
  diploid in its life process

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39. An Euglena can function as a ______________
in the absence of sunlight
Heterotroph
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Chapter 26-28
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40. Define the three types of symmetry.

• Asymmetrical-not identical on both sides of a
  central line (Dictionary)
• Bilateral-single imaginary line divides it in
  half
• Radial- have body parts that repeat around the
  center

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41. Name the 8 phyla of invertebrates and give an
example of each.

• Porifera-sponges
• Cnidaria-jellyfish
• Platyhelminthes(flatworm)-planaria
• Nematoda-hookworm
• Annelida-earthworm
• Mollusks-clam
• Arthropod-insects
• Echinoderms-starfish

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42. What is meant by sessile?

• Attached or fixed not moving

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43. What is meant by motile?

• Moving or having the power to move

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44. Define exoskeleton.

• Tough external covering that protects and
  supports the body of many invertebrates

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45. Define hermaphrodite.

• Individual that has both male and female parts

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46. Describe how mollusks and crustaceans carry
out gas exchange.

• Gills are used to exchange gases. This is done by
  a diffusion type process

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47. List two common structures for respiration in
invertebrates.

• Gills
• Skin

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48. What are the characteristics of mammals?

• Hair
• Mammary glands
• Breathe air
• 4 chambered heart
• endotherms

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49. Describe a closed circulatory system.

• In a closed circulatory system, blood is
  contained within a network of blood vessels.

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50. Define endothermic.

• Animal that generates its own body heat

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51. Define ectothermic.

• Animals that rely on their environment to help
  control body heat

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52. Why do amphibians need water?

• To carry out reproduction
• To aid in respiration

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53. Define monotremes, marsupials, and placental
animals.

• Monotremes-egg laying mammals
• Marsupials-animals that bear live young that
  usually complete their development in a pouch
• Placental animals-nutrients, oxygen, carbon
  dioxide, ands wastes are exchanged between the
  embryo and the mother through a placenta

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54. What is a cloaca and what is its relationship
to some animals?

• The opening to the outside of some animals.
• Used to eliminate waste and to carry out
  reproduction

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Review from 1st Semester
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55. List and describe the process of scientific
method.

• Ask a question
• Make a hypothesis
• Conduct an experiment
• Collect data
• Analyze information
• Report results

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56. What are lipids?

• Compounds made from carbon and hydrogen, include
  fats, oils, waxes.

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57. What are proteins?

• Macromoles that contain nitrogen as well as
  carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Made up of amino
  acids.

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58. What is binomial nomenclature?

• A two part naming system, includes the Genus and
  species

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59. List the hierarchy of classification?

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

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60. Define artificial selection.

• Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits
  from the natural variation among different
  organisms

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61. Define and discuss radioactive dating.

• Technique in which scientists calculate the age
  of a sample based on the remaining radioactive
  isotopes it contains

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62. Define extinction.

• Disappearance of a species from all parts of a
  geographical range

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63. Describe Lamarcks theory.

• That if an organism used a part more or developed
  a part of their body, it would be passed down to
  their offspring

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64. What methods do we use to process foods?

• Canning
• Salting
• Drying

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65. Practice reading graphs and charts.