From Yom Kippur 1973-1979

1
From Yom Kippur 1973-1979

• The Road to Peace between Egypt and Israel

2
Palestinians after 1967

• After 1967 increase in Palestinian liberation
  organizations
• Palestinian issue now seen as separate from
  larger Arab-Israeli issue
• Jordan the only one to give Ps citizenship
• Lebanon fears muslim majority, Syria sees it as a
  backdoor recognition of Israel so no citizenship

3
Rise of the PLO

• No longer associated w/ govt
• Guerrilla-style tactics
• Committed to armed struggle
• Umbrella for many Pal. liberation organizations

4
New PLO Covenant

• Negates right of Israel
• Includes armed struggle
• Fedayeen are center of armed struggle (new)
• This leads Israel to reject negotiations w/ PLO
• Al-Fatah is largest among the groups
• Yasser Arafat becomes leader 1969 makes
  decisions w/ his advisers

5
Al Fatah becomes powerful part of PLO

• Avoids any association w/ one country
• Vague ideology allows it to attract wide variety
  of followers
• Although not as extreme, hijacking etc. by
  extreme groups served their interests increased
  UN resolutions in favor of Palestine
• Accepted aid from USSR b/c all groups were
  anti-West

6
PLO Arabs

• Egypt doesnt allow PLO to work in or from Eg.
• Syria Iraq allowed sponsored some PLO uanites
• Lebanon VERY unstable PLO very active leads
  to increased conflict btwn Is Leb
• Jordan made it impossible to have negotiated
  settlement that didnt include PLO

7
Jordan a special case

• PLO like a state w/in Jordan
• King Hussein cant control
• Sept. 1970 planes explode in Aman King looks
  powerless
• Jordanian army vs. Fedayeen tanks Syrian tanks

• IMPACTS OF THIS
• Brings Jordanian Israeli interests together
  (hmm)
• Black September created - carried out famous
  Olympic attacks
• Development of clear Palestinian nationalism
  call for state
• PLO seen as sole rep of Palestinian people

8
Meanwhile, Old Issues Continue

• Escalation of Egyptian-Israeli conflict over
  Sinai
• Bar-Lev line (fortifications) along Suez area
• Spring 1969 Nasser declares cease fire null and
  void

9
The War of Attrition 68-70

• USSR gives some armaments to Egypt not the
  planes they wanted
• SAMs w/ USSR men to use them
• USSR flies patrols
• USSR builds up naval fleet in med
• COLD WAR TIES

10
New Leadership

• Nasser Dies Anwar Sadat enters (70)
• Pragmatic
• Feels shame of Sinai oil fields in Israeli hands
  military defeat
• Faces internal unrest
• Egypt first Arabs 2nd

• Golda Meir (69) Israel
• Feels militarily confident
• Willing to wait for peace on Isreali terms
• Creeping annexation of settlements

11
Cold War Powers negotiate

• Rogers Plan
• Israel out of occupied territory for recognition
  of Israel
• 90-day cease-fire
• Renew Jarring mission (UN Res 242)

• Both cautiously accept
• Aug 70 Cease-fire
• Jarring mission fails

12
Egypts Proposal 1971

• Israel withdraw partially from Sinai
• Egypt re-opens Suez canal
• Cease fire
• Restore diplomatic relations w/ US
• Use Res 242 as basis for peace

• Israel Rejects

13
Egypt Prepares for War

• Although Sadat frustrated with USSRs stingy arms
  offerings, as US increases arms to Israel, USSR
  finally sends SCUD missiles to Egypt Syria
• New Egyptian military plan
• President Assad willing to be northern front
• Israel not at the ready didnt believe Egypt
  would attack

14
The Yom Kippur War 4th Arab-Israeli War

• October 6 The Yom Kippur War/ Ramadan War
  started
• Egypt Syria attack Israel
• Oct 6-24 US eventually sends military aid
• Cold War support for opposite sides.US wait to
  give support in hopes of cease-fire
• US military support seen as key to Israeli
  military win
• Resolution 338 Ends war

Mount Hermon captured by Israelis/ foothills in
Golan Heights, summit is border of Leb/Syria
15
Important Features of 1973 War - Israel

• Not the sure win for Israel
• Showed weakness of defense line not as
  indefensible as they thought although they keep
  Sinai desert
• Shift away from automatic Israeli superiority
• Israeli govt suffers politically (Meir Dayan)
• hard-liners dont want discussion of exhange of
  Sinai for recognition
• Increase in West Bank civilian settlements due to
  political pressure on Meir

16
Important Features - Arabs

• Psychological victory
• Can unite
• Can keep a plan secret
• Have a future that is powerful against Israel
• Oil is used as a weapon

17
Oil Embargo

• OPEC stops selling oil to US some others
• Pushes EEC to promote land for Palestinians and
  Israeli return of land from 67
• Both politically and economically effective tool

18
(No Transcript)
19
Important Features Cold War

• US gains USSR loses
• UN Resolution 338 negotiated by Kissinger
  Breshnev in Moscow
• UN in Golan Heights
• Calls for Direct negotiation (Arabs didnt want
  this) preserving Res 242
• Beginning of US role in securing peace between
  Egypt and Israel
• Russia loses bases in Egypt

20
Shuttle Diplomacy

• Kissinger will broker peace between Egypt and
  Israel
• 1975 Sinai Interim Agreement
• 1974 agreements on Golan Heights
• (more on that later)

21
Important Features Palestinians

• After war PLO recognized as the spokesperson for
  Palestinians not King Hussein of Jordan
• Gain recognition from Jordan that West Bank
  parts of Israel are rightfully Palestinians (now
  tell the Israelis)
• This is harder for Israel and the West theyd
  rather negotiate w/ Jordan