Allies

1
Allies
801
2

• The Allies in World War I consisted of Great
  Britain, France, Italy
• The Allies were pitted against the Central Powers
  of Germany and Austria-Hungary.
• In 1917, the U.S. joined the war on the Allies
  side as an associated power.
• In World War II, the Allies included Great
  Britain, the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union, the
  U.S., and France during the war.

802
3
New Freedom
803
4

• New Freedom characterized Woodrow Wilsons
  approach to foreign relations.
• Unlike Roosevelts big stick policies and Tafts
  dollar diplomacy, Wilsons foreign policy sought
  to bring morality to foreign relations.
• Wilson denounced imperialism and economic
  meddling, and focused instead on spreading
  democracy.

804
5
National Defense Act
805
6

• The National Defense Act, passed in June 1916,
  called for the buildup of military forces in
  anticipation of war.
• The National Defense Act was largely a response
  to German threats to American neutrality.

806
7
Lusitania
807
8

• The Lusitania was a British vessel sunk by a
  German u-boat in May 1915, killing more than 120
  American citizens
• This event promoted Woodrow Wilson to plan for a
  military buildup and encouraged American alliance
  with Britain and France in opposition to Germany.

808
9
Henry Cabot Lodge
809
10

• Henry Cabot Lodge led the group of senators known
  as reservationists during the 1919 debate over
  the League of nations.
• Lodge and his followers would support U.S.
  membership in the League of Nations only if major
  revisions were made to the covenant (part of the
  Treaty of Versailles).
• Wilson, however, refused to compromise, and the
  treaty was rejected.
• The U.S. never joined the League of Nations.

810
11
Office of War Information
811
12

• The Office of War Information employed artists,
  writers, and advertisers to shape public opinion
  concerning World War II.
• The Office publicized reasons for U.S. entry into
  the war, often portraying the enemy Axis powers
  as barbaric and cruel.

812
13
Office of Strategic Services (OSS)
813
14

• The Office of Strategic Services, or OSS, was
  established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1942
  to conduct espionage, collect information crucial
  to strategic planning, and assess the strengths
  and weaknesses of the enemy.

814
15
Office of Censorship
815
16

• The Office of Censorship, created in December
  1941, reflected U.S. government worries about
  information leaks to the enemy during World War
  II.
• The office examined all letters sent overseas and
  worked with media firms to control information
  broadcast to the people.

816
17
Nuremberg Trials
817
18

• The Nuremberg Trials so Nazi war criminals began
  in November 1945.
• More than 200 defendants were indicted in the 13
  trials.
• All but 38 of the defendants were convicted of
  conspiring to wage aggressive war and of
  mistreating prisoners of war and inhabitants of
  occupied territories.

818
19
Marshall Plan
819
20

• Begun in 1948, the Marshall Plan was a four-year
  plan of American aid for the economic
  reconstruction of Europe
• The U.S. government hoped to prevent further
  communist expansion by eliminating economic
  insecurity and political instability in Europe.
• By 1952, Congress had appropriated some 17
  billion for Marshall Plan aid, and the Western
  European economy had largely recovered.

820
21
Revenue Act of 1942
821
22

• The Revenue Act of 1942 raised taxes to help
  finance the war effort.
• The act hiked rates for the wealthiest Americans
  and included new middle and lower income tax
  brackets, vastly increasing the number of
  Americans responsible for paying taxes.

822
23
Potsdam Conference
823
24

• Although relations between Truman, Churchill, and
  Stalin grew increasingly strained as World War II
  wound to its close, during the Potsdam Conference
  (July 17- August 2, 1945) they coordinated the
  division of Germany into occupation zones and
  planned for the Nuremberg Trials.
• Potsdam was the final meeting between the Big
  Three powers under the pretense of a wartime
  alliance.

824
25
Pearl Harbor
825
26

• On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor,
  the site of an American naval base in Hawaii.
• The surprise attack resulted in the loss of more
  than 2,400 American lives, as well as many
  aircraft and sea vessels.
• The following day, the U.S. declared war against
  Japan, officially entering World War II.

826
27
J. Robert Oppenheimer
827
28

• Oppenheimer headed the Manhattan Project, the
  secret American operation to develop the atomic
  bomb.

828
29
Operation Overload
829
30

• Operation Overload refers to the Allied air,
  land, and sea assault on occupied France.
• The operation centered on the D-Day invasion
  (June 6, 1944), in which American, British, and
  Canadian troops stormed the beaches at Normandy.
• These Allied forces sustained heavy casualties
  but eventually took the beach and moved gradually
  inland.

830
31
Shoot-on-sight order
831
32

• A response to German submarine attacks on
  American ships in the Atlantic, the 1941
  shoot-on-sight order authorized naval patrols to
  fire on any Axis ships found between the U.S, and
  Iceland.

832
33
Selective Service And Training Act
833
34

• Passed September 16, 1940, the Selective Service
  and Training Act anticipated the war by calling
  the nations first peacetime draft.

834
35
Rosie the Riveter
835
36

• A well-muscled woman holding a pneumatic rivet
  gun, Rosie the Riveter was popular advertising
  character during World War II.
• Rosie symbolized the important role American
  woman played in the war effort at home, and
  portrayed a vastly different picture of American
  womanhood than had been seen before.

836
37
Jackie Robinson
837
38

• In 1947, Jackie Robinson was the first African-
  American baseball player to play for the major
  league.
• From 1884 to 1947, blacks and whites were
  completely segregated in baseball.
• After Robinson played for the Brooklyn Dodgers,
  other African Americans followed.

838
39
Joseph Stalin
839
40

• Stalin was dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928
  until 1953.
• He coordinated Soviet involvement in World War
  II, at first displaying eagerness to cooperate
  with U.S. forces but eventually becoming
  antagonistic.
• After the war, he oversaw the escalation of Cold
  War tensions between his country and the U.S.

840
41
Sphere of influence
841
42

• The term sphere of influence refers to a group
  of nations or territories in the unofficial
  economic, political, and social orbit of a
  greater power.
• NATO countries were in the U.S. sphere of
  influence, while the Communist bloc countries of
  the Warsaw Pact were in the USSRs sphere of
  influence.
• The term is also used to describe European and
  Russian influence in China at the end of the
  19th century.

842
43
Smith-Connolly War Labor Disputes Act
843
44

• The generally amiable relationship between the
  government and organized labor during World War
  II eroded with the passage of the Smith-Connolly
  War Labor Disputes Act in June 1943.
• The act limited the right to strike in key
  industries and authorized the president to
  intervene in any strike.

844
45
Smith Act
845
46

• The Smith Act of 1940 made it illegal to speak of
  or advocate overthrowing the U.S. government.
• During the presidential campaign of 1948, Truman
  sought to demonstrate his aggressive stance
  against communism by prosecuting 11 leaders of
  the Communist Party under the Smith Act.

846
47
Equal Rights Amendment
847
48

• Supported by the National Organization for Women,
  the Equal Rights Amendment, first proposed in
  1923, would prevent all gender-based
  discrimination practices.
• In the 1970s, the House and Senate passed the
  amendment, and sent it to the states for
  ratification.
• The amendment failed to be approved by ¾ of the
  states and so was never added.

848
49
Assembly line
849
50

• Industrialist Henry Ford installed the first
  assembly line when developing his Model T car
  around 1910 and perfected its use in the 1920s.
• Assembly line manufacturing helped maximize
  worker output by allowing workers to remain in
  one place and master one respective action.
• It became a widespread production method during
  the 1920s and 1930s/

850
51
Teapot Dome Scandal
851
52

• Exposed after Warren G. Hardings death in office
  in 1923, the Teapot Dome scandal involved
  Hardings secretary of the interior, Albert B.
  Fall, who had secretly leased government oil
  reserves to two businessmen in exchange for a
  400,000 payment.
• Teapot Dome came to be used as a prime example of
  government corruption.

852
53
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
853
54

• The American Civil Liberties Union, founded in
  1920, seeks to protect the civil liberties of
  individuals in the U.S., often by bringing test
  cases to court in order to challenge
  questionable laws.
• In 1925, the ACLU challenged a Christian
  fundamentalist law in the Scopes Monkey Trial in
  Tennessee.

854
55
Bootleggers
855
56

• Bootleggers illegally manufactured alcohol or
  smuggled it, often from Canada or the West
  Indies, into the Unites States during the
  Prohibition Era (1920-1933)

856
57
Speakeasies
857
58

• Speakeasies were hidden bars during the
  Prohibition Era the offered live jazz music and
  hard liquor to customers.
• They were often run by organized crime rings.

858
59
Flapper
859
60

• A Central stereotype of the Jazz Age, the flapper
  was a flamboyant, literate, pleasure seeking
  young woman seen more in media portrayals than in
  reality.
• The archetypal flapper look was tomboyish and
  fashionable short bobbed hair knee-length,
  fringed skirts long, draping necklaces, and
  rolled stockings.

860
61
18th Amendment
861
62

• The 18th Amendment, ratified on January 16, 1919,
  prohibited the manufacture, transport, or sale of
  alcoholic beverages.
• It was sporadically enforced, violated by many,
  and repealed in 1933.

862
63
Dawes Plan
863
64

• The Dawes Plan, devised by banker Charles G.
  Dawes in 1924, scaled back U.S. loans to Germany.
• These loans provided Germany with funds for its
  payment to the Allies, thus funding Allied debt
  payments to the U.S.

864
65
Clarence Darrow
865
66

• Clarence Darrow, a Chicago trial lawyer, earned
  fame in the 1925 Scopes Monkey Trial in
  Tennessee.
• Although Darrows client, John Scopes, lost the
  case, Darrow argued masterfully in court, and in
  so doing weakened the influence and popularity of
  fundamentalism nationwide.

866
67
Jazz Age
867
68

• The 1920s are often called the Jazz Age because
  of the development of jazz music in that decade
  as well as the highly publicized (if exaggerated)
  accounts of wild parties, drinking, and dancing.

868
69
Scopes Monkey Trial
869
70

• The Scopes Monkey Trial of 1825 concerned a
  Tennessee statute prohibiting the teaching of
  evolution in public schools.
• Anti-evolution forces rallied behind William
  Jennings Bryan, while pro-evolution forces
  rallied behind lawyer Clarence Darrow.
• Darrow and Bryan faced off during the highly
  publicized trial, and although Darrow lost his
  case, he made a fool out of Bryan, substantially
  weakening the anti-evolution cause throughout the
  U.S.

870
71
Warren G. Harding
871
72

• President from 1921 until his death in 1923,
  Harding ushered in a decade of Republican
  dominance in the U.S.
• He accommodated the needs of big business and
  scaled back government involvement in social
  programs
• After Hardings death hi administration was found
  to be rife with corruption.

872
73
19th Amendment
873
74

• The Nineteenth Amendment, ratified in August
  1920, granted women the right to vote.

874
75
Calvin Coolidge
875
76

• Calvin Coolidge, president from 1923 to 1929, was
  nicknamed Silent Cal.
• The reticent Coolidge believed that government
  should interfere with the economy as little as
  possible.
• He spent his time is office fighting
  congressional efforts to regulate business

876
77
Sacco-Vanzetti Case
877
78

• Sacco and Vanzetti, anarchists and Italian
  immigrants, were charged with an April 1920
  murder in Massachusetts and sentenced to death.
• The case against Sacco and Vanzetti was
  circumstantial and poorly argued, although
  evidence now suggests that they were guilty.
• The case was significant for its demonstration of
  natives and conservative forces in America, as
  well as of the liberal forces beginning to align
  against them.

878
79
Marcus Garvey
879
80

• Marcus Garvey, a powerful African American leader
  during the 1920s, founded the Universal Negro
  Improvement Association (UNIA) and advocated a
  mass migration of African Americans back to
  Africa.
• His radical movement won a substantial following.
• Garvey was convicted of fraud in 1923 and was
  deported to Jamaica in 1927.
• The UNIA collapsed without his leadership.

880
81
Immigration Act
881
82

• In 1921, the first Immigration Act set a quota
  for immigrants of only three percent of the 1910
  U.S. population in 1890.
• In 1927, al limit was set of 150,000 per year of
  western and northern European immigrants.
• The Immigration Act of 1965 ended quotas and set
  a limit of 120,000 immigrants from the Western
  Hemisphere, and 170,000 outside the Western
  Hemisphere.

882
83
Lost Generation
883
84

• The term lost generation describes a small but
  prominent circle of writers, poets, artists, and
  intellectuals during the 1920s.
• These artists, including Ernest Hemingway, F.
  Scott Fitzgerald, and Ezra Pound, grew
  disillusioned with Americas postwar culture,
  finding it overly materialistic and spiritually
  void.
• Many of these artists moved to Europe to write,
  and their disgust with Americas materialism and
  superficiality.

884
85
Kellogg-Briand Pact
885
86

• In 1928, more than 60 nations signed the
  Kellogg-Briand Pact, which condemned the use of
  war
• The Pact was named after U.S. Secretary of State
  Frank Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Airside
  Briand.
• Although the agreement was symbolically important
  because it made going to war a criminal act, it
  did not describe how to enforce it.

886
87
F. Scott Fitzgerald
887
88

• A prominent author during the Roaring Twenties,
  F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote stories and novels that
  both glorified and criticized the wild lives of
  the carefree and prosperous.
• His most famous works include The Side of
  Paradise (1920) and The Great Gatsby.

888
89
Sexual Revolution
889
90

• The sexual revolution refers to the easing of
  sexual taboos in some segments of society during
  the 1920s.
• Female sexuality was accentuated, fashion became
  more liberal, divorce laws were liberalized in
  many states, and casual dating became more common.

890
91
Harlem Renaissance
891
92

• The Harlem Renaissance refers to the flowering of
  black culture in New York Citys Harlem
  neighborhood during the 1920s.
• Black writers and artists produced plays, poetry,
  art, and novels that often reflected the unique
  African American experience in American and in
  Northern cities in particular.

892
93
H.L. Mencken
893
94

• Menckens magazine American Mercury served as the
  journalistic counterpart to the lost generation
  of writers, such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, who grew
  disillusioned and even disgusted with American
  postwar life.
• Mencken used satire to critique political leaders
  and American society during the 1920s.

894
95
Charles Lindbergh
895
96

• Charles Lindbergh completed the worlds first
  nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.
• His plane, called the Spirit of St. Louis, went
  form New York to Paris in 1927, and the trip took
  a little more than 33 hours.

896
97
Laissez-Faire
897
98

• By the doctrine of laissez-faire (which literally
  means in French, "let do), the government took a
  hands-off approach to the economy and let the
  market regulate itself.

898
99
Cold War
899
100

• The Soviet Union and the United States
  experienced a Cold War from 1946 to 1991 . While
  there as no actual direct conflict between the
  nations , they were political , technological,
  and military enemies and rivals. During this
  period , the threat of communism loomed and
  affected all foreign policy.

900
101
Containment
901
102

• The policy of containment called for the
  preservation of postWorld War II conditions,
  meaning the U.S. would not challenge nations
  currently in the Soviet sphere of influence , but
  also would not tolerate further Soviet expansion.
  Originally proposed by George Kennan, and
  established during Trumans presidency,
  containment initially applied primarily to Europe
  . It soon evolved into a justification for U.S.
  global involvement against communism.

902
103
Cuban Missile Crisis
903
104

• In 1962, the U.S. learned that Soviet missile
  bases were being constructed in Cuba . President
  John F. Kennedy demanded that the USSR stop
  shipping equipment and remove the bases. The
  administration considered numerous options to
  force compliance, but ultimately ordered a naval
  blockade . Nuclear war seemed imminent , but
  Soviet Premier Khrushchev backed down and
  dismantled the bases in return for a U.S.
  promise not to invade Cuba.

904
105
Deep Throat
905
106

• Deep Throat was the name used to make the
  identity of an information who helped Washington
  Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein as
  they delved into the Watergate scandal. Deep
  Throats was revealed in 2005 to be W. Mark Felt,
  former Deputy Director of the FBI.

906
107
Eisenhower Doctrine
907
108

• Announced in 1957, the Eisenhower Doctrine
  committed the U.S. to preventing Communist
  aggression in the Middle East, with troops if
  necessary.

908
109
Fidel Castro
909
110

• Castro, a communist revolutionary, ousted a
  rightist government in Cuba in 1959 and
  established the communist regime that that
  remains in power to this day.

910
111
Central Intelligence Agency
911
112

• The CIA primarily concerned with international
  espionage and information gathering. In the
  1950s, the organization became heavily involved
  in many civil struggles in the Third World ,
  supporting groups likely to cooperate with the
  U.S. rather that the USSR.

912
113
Cesar Chavez
913
114

• Cesar Chavez, a migrant farm worker , created the
  United Farm Workers Organizer Committee in 1963
  to help exploited Chicano workers . After leading
  union strikes against California grape growers,
  he won better pay for the workers.

914
115
Civil Rights act of 1964
915
116

• A landmark law, the Civil Rights Act of 1964
  outlawed discrimination in education ,
  employment, and all public accommodations.

916
117
Camp David Accords
917
118

• A major accomplishment of the Carter presidency,
  the Camp David Accords were signed by Israels
  leader, Menachem Begin, and Egypts leader, Anwar
  el-Sadat, on September 17, 1978. The treaty,
  however, fell apart when Sadat was assassinated
  by Islamic fundamentalists in 1981.

918
119
Stokely Carmichael
919
120

• Once a prominent member of the Student Nonviolent
  Coordinating Committee, Carmichael abandoned his
  nonviolent leanings and became a leader of the
  Black Nationalist movement in 1996. He coined the
  phrase Black Power

920
121
Jimmy Carter
921
122

• Jimmy Carter, a Democrat, served as president of
  the United States from 1977 to 1981. Carter is
  best known for his commitment to morality and for
  advancing the human rights cause. During his term
  in office, he faced an oil crisis, a weak economy
  , and severe tension in the Middle East.

922
123
Dwight D. Eisenhower
923
124

• Eisenhower, a Republican, served as president
  from 1953 to 1961. Along with Secretary to State
  John Foster Dulles, Eisenhower sought to lesson
  Cold War tensions. One notable success in this
  realm as the ending of the Korean War. Before
  serving as president, Eisenhower was the supreme
  commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in
  World War II, coordinating Operations Overlord
  and the American drive Paris to Berlin. He was
  also the first supreme commander of NATO, and
  president of Columbia University.

924
125
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
925
126

• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( 1954)
  reversed the separate but equal doctrine that
  was established in the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson
  decision to justify segregation laws. The Supreme
  Court ruled that separate facilities were
  inherently unequal and ordered public schools to
  desegregate nationwide.

926
127
Black Power
927
128

• Black Power was the term for the more militant
  faction of Civil Rights groups that sprang up in
  the late1960s. These groups stressed forceful
  resistance to white oppression society rather
  than integration.

928
129
Neil Armstrong
929
130

• In 1969, astronaut Neil Armstrong became the
  first person to walk on the moon , along with
  Colonel Edwin E. Aldrin landing using the
  spaceship Apollo 11 , Armstrong said, Thats one
  small step for a man, one giant leap for
  mankind.

930
131
The Beat Movement
931
132

• The beat movement was a major American literary
  movement of the 1950s . The beats were group of
  nonconformist writers that included Allen
  Ginsberg, the author of Howl (1956) , and Jack
  Kerouac, who penned On the Road (1957). These
  authors rejected uniform middle class culture
  and sought to overturn the sexual and social
  conservatism of the period.

932
133
Bay of Pigs Invasion
933
134

• The Bay of Pigs Invasion, in April 1961, was a
  failed attempt by U.S. backed Cuban exiles to
  invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castros
  communist government.

934
135
Atomic Energy Commission
935
136

• After World War II, the Atomic Energy Commission
  worked on developing more effective ways of using
  nuclear material such as uranium in order to
  mass- produce nuclear weapons

936
137
Baby Boom
937
138

• The term baby boom refers to the period from
  the late 1940s to the 1960s, when the U.S.
  population swelled from 140 million to nearly 200
  million.

938
139
Black Panthers
939
140

• Organized in 1966 in Oakland, California, the
  Black Panthers stressed a program of black
  pride, economic self sufficiency, and armed
  resistance to white oppression.

940
141
Voting Rights Act
941
142

• The Voting Rights Act of 1965 guaranteed the
  right to vote all Americans. It allowed the
  federal government to intervene in elections in
  order to ensure that minorities could vote.

942
143
Vietcong
943
144

• The Vietcong was a procommunist guerrilla force
  working secretly within South Vietnam. Extremely
  difficult to find and target , the Vietcong was
  unlike any other enemy U.S. troops had ever faced.

944
145
Ross Perot
945
146

• Ross Perot, a third- party candidate in the
  presidential election of 1992, won nineteen
  percent of the public vote. His strong showing
  demonstrated voter dissatisfaction with the two
  major parties. He was also a candidate in 1996
  but did not attract as many votes.

946
147
Enron Corporation
947
148

• The Enron Corporation , an energy trading
  company, filed for bankruptcy in 2001 ,
  dissolving millions of dollars in profit- sharing
  pension plans held by employees . Enron and other
  top corporations were investigated for illegal
  accounting practices.

948
149
Bill Clinton
949
150

• Bill Clinton, a Democrat, served as president
  from 1993 to 2001, during a period of intense
  partisanship in the U.S. government. Clintons
  few major domestic and international successes
  wee overshadowed by the sex scandal that led to
  his impeachment and eventual acquittal.

950
151
George H.W. Bush
951
152

• George Herbert Walker Bush, a Republican, served
  as president of the United States from 1989 to
  1993. His term in Office was marked by economic
  recession and U.S. involvement in the Gulf War

952
153
Womens Strike for Equality
953
154

• In August 1970, tens of thousands of women around
  the country held demonstrations to demand the
  right to equal employment and legal abortions.
  This coordinated effort was known as the Womens
  Strike for Equality.

954
155
The Warren Commission
955
156

• The Warren Commission was created by President
  Lyndon Johnson and led by Chief Justice of the
  United States Earl Warren. Its purpose was to
  look into the Kennedy assassination. The
  commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was
  the only shooter and that there was no conspiracy
  surrounding the events.

956
157
Earl Warren
957
158

• Earl Warren served as chief as chief justice of
  the United States from 1953 to 1969. During this
  time, the liberal Warren Court made a number of
  important decisions, primarily in the realm of
  civil rights. The most important contributions of
  the Warren Court during the 1950s was the 1954
  decision in Brown v. Board of Education of
  Topeka, Kansas.

958
159
Warsaw Pact
959
160

• The Warsaw Pact, a Communist bloc treaty from
  1955, officially linked the USSR and its Eastern
  European satellites--- Albania , Bulgaria,
  Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland,
  and Romania--- in a single Soviet controlled
  military command, and allowed the stationing of
  Soviet troops in Warsaw Pat countries. The Warsaw
  Pact was the Soviet response to the formation of
  NATO.

960
161
Domino theory
961
162

• The domino theory expressed the idea that if any
  nation fell to communism, the surrounding nations
  would likely fall to communism as well. The
  domino theory, expounded by Dwight D. Eisenhower,
  served to justify U.S. intervention in Vietnam.
  According to the theory, if Vietnam became
  communist, much of Southeast Asia would as well,
  thus justifying U.S. military opposition to the
  Vietcong

962
163
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
963
164

• Passed narrowly by Congress in November 1993, the
  North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
  removed trade barriers between Canada, the U.S.,
  and Mexico. Bill Clinton championed this and
  other efforts to integrate the U.S. more fully
  into the international economy

964
165
Vietnam War
965
166

• President Kennedy , concerned that communist
  success in North Vietnam would cause communist
  revolutions in other countries , began supplying
  the South Vietnamese government with U.S. troops
  and military aid. In 1964, Lyndon Johnson ordered
  the U.S. to begin bombing North Vietnam, sparking
  a war that was heavily protested in America. The
  U.S. realized that it could not win the war and
  withdrew from Vietnam in 1973.

966
167
Operation Desert Storm
967
168

• In 1991, President George Bush launched Operation
  Desert Shield to defend Saudi Arabia. After
  Iraqs Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, Bush was
  afraid that Iraq would invade Saudi Arabia and
  take over their oil supply. Operation Desert
  Storm, a series of air attacks on Iraq retaliated
  with little damage. On April 6, 1991, Iraq and
  the U.S. signed a ceasefire agreement .

968
169
September 11 , 2001
969
170

• On September 11, 2001, hijacked passenger
  airplanes damaged the Pentagon and destroyed the
  two towers of the World Trade Center in New York
  City. Nearly 3,000 people were killed. The
  hijackers were found to be members of an Islamic
  terrorist group, Al Qaeda . These events led to
  increased security and heighted panic in the
  United States, as well as expanded U.S. military
  action abroad.

970
171
Dynamic Conservatism
971
172

• President Eisenhower called his philosophy of
  government dynamic conservatism to
  distinguish it from the Republican administration
  of the past, which he deemed backward- looking
  and complacent. He was determined to work with
  the Democratic Party, rather than against it, and
  at times he opposed proposals made by more
  conservative members of his own party.

972
173
Columbine High School shooting
973
174

• In 1999, two students in Littleton, Colorado,
  shot their peers. They killed 12 students and
  wounded many others before killing themselves.
  The tragedy was one of seven such shootings in
  the U.S. that year, and led to changes in gun
  control , school safety measures , and the
  monitoring of media violence.

974
175
Saddam Hussein
975
176

• Saddam Hussein was the leader of Iraq from 1979
  to 2003. He initiated an invasion of neighboring
  Iran in 1980 resulting in eight years of war
  between those two countries. In August 1990, he
  led the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, sparking the
  Gulf War. He was driven out of power by a U.S.-
  led invasion and occupation of Iraq in 2003. He
  was tried and executed by the Iraqi government in
  2005.

976
177
Economic Opportunity Act
977
178

• An element in Lyndon B. Johnsons Great Society,
  the Economic Opportunity Act established an
  Office of Economic Opportunity to provide young
  Americans with job training and created a
  volunteer network devoted to social work and
  education in impoverished areas.

978
179
Berlin Wall
979
180

• The USSR competed construction of the Berlin Wall
  in August 1961 in order to prevent East Berliners
  from fleeing to West Berlin. The wall symbolized
  the political split of Berlin between the
  communist East and democratic West. The wall was
  torn down on November 9, 1989 amid much
  celebration , setting the stage for the
  reunification of Germany and signifying the end
  of the Cold War.

980
181
Gulf War
981
182

• The Gulf War, named for its location near the
  Persian Gulf , began when Iraqis under the
  leadership of Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in
  August 1990. In January 1991, the U.S. attacked
  Iraqi troops, supply lines, and bases. In late
  February, U.S. ground troops launched and attack
  on Kuwait City, successfully driving out the
  Iraqis. A total of 148 Americans died in the war,
  while over 100,000 Iraqis died, both military
  personnel and civilians.

982
183
Watergate
983
184

• On June 17, 1972, burglars employed by Nixons
  Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP) broke
  into Democratic National Committee headquarters
  in the Watergate office complex in Washington,
  DC. In the ensuring investigation, it became
  clear that Nixon had known of such illegal
  activity and had participated in a cover-up
  attempt. Faced with nearcertain impeachment,
  Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9, 1974.

984
185
Watts Race Riots
985
186

• The Watts race riots of 1965 occurred in an
  African American ghetto of Los Angeles and left
  more than 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. The riots
  lasted for a week and were the first of hundreds
  of race riots that occurred during that time
  period. These riots followed slow progress in
  civil rights legislation, which caused
  frustration and disillusionment.

986
187
Boris Yeltsin
987
188

• Boris Yeltsin was president of the Russian
  Republic in 1991, when hardline communists
  attempted to overthrow Mikhail Gorbachev. After
  helping to repel these hard-liners, Yeltsin and
  the leaders of the other Soviet republics
  declared an end to the USSR, forcing Gorbachev to
  resign. Yeltsin played an increasingly important
  role in global politics from that time onward.

988
189
World Trade Organization (WTO)
989
190

• In 1995, President Clinton established the World
  Trade Organization (WTO) to facilitate operations
  and trade between multinational corporations and
  capital brokers. It was created as a result of
  the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
  negotiations to reduce obstacles to international
  trade

990
191
Whitewater
991
192

• When President Clinton was governor of Arkansas
  in the 1980s, he invested in land in Whitewater,
  Arkansas. He was accused of using government
  connections to get a loan for the land which
  initiated an investigation through most of his
  presidency. During the 1995 Whitewater Hearings,
  the President was not charged, although some of
  his associates were convicted of fraud.

992
193
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
993
194

• In 1963, the U.S., Great Britain, the Soviet
  Union, and more than 100 other nations, agreed to
  ban above ground nuclear tests.

994
195
Paris Accords
995
196

• Signed on January 27, 1973, the Paris Accords
  settled the terms of U.S. withdrawal from
  Indochina, ending the war between the U.S. and
  North Vietnam. The treaty left the conflict
  between North and South Vietnam.

996
197
Oil Embargo
997
198

• In the OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting
  Countries) oil embargo of 1973, OPEC nations
  refused to export oil to Western nations. The
  embargo, in effect from October 1973 to March
  1974, sparked rapid inflation in the West and had
  a crippling effect on the U.S. economy. The
  ensuing economic crisis plagued Gerald Fords
  time in office.

998
199
OPEC
999
200

• Following increases in oil prices during the
  1970s due to increased demand, the worlds major
  oil producers formed a monopoly (cartel) called
  the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
  (OPEC). OPEC included leaders of countries from
  the Middle East, South America, Asia, and Africa.
  In 1973, OPEC raised the price of oil even
  further, leading to an energy crisis, and giving
  oil producers huge profits.

1000