AKS 31: Human Geography

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AKS 31Human Geography

• CHAPTERS 5 6
• PAGES 87-103, 113-131

AKS 31 - explain the cultural aspects of
geography (QCC) (SSWG_D2007-31)
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POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

• What is it?
• The study of relationships between populations
  and their environment

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POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

• Studying Population
• Key Statistics
• Population Density
• Population Distribution
• Population Change
• Natural Increase

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POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

• Studying Population
• Population Density
• The average number of people living in an area

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Population Density of the USA
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POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

• Studying Population
• Population Distribution
• Where people live throughout the world

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POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

• Studying Population
• Population Distribution
• The worlds population is unevenly distributed
  because people tend to live in areas that are
  favorable for settlement and avoid areas that are
  not

Not Favorable
Favorable
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POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

• Studying Population
• Population Change
• Based on Three Factors
• Birthrate
• Migration
• Death Rate

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POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

• Studying Population
• Population Change
• Birthrate
• The number of births each year for every 1,000
  people living in a place

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POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

• Studying Population
• Population Change
• Migration
• The process of moving from one place to live in
  another
• Push Factors
• Circumstances that push you out of a place
• Examples Lack of jobs, drought, floods
• Pull Factors
• Circumstances that pull you toward a place
• Examples Good jobs or pay, warm climate, other
  favorable environmental conditions

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Migration Patterns in the USA
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POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

• Studying Population
• Population Change
• Death Rate
• The total number of deaths each year for every
  1,000 people living in a place

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POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

• Studying Population
• Natural Increase
• Natural population growth
• By subtracting the birthrate from the death rate
  and expressing that number as a percentage, you
  get the rate of natural increase

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POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

• World Population Trends
• World population is increasing rapidly.
• Economic development results in lower population
  growth rates.
• Many less-developed nations are gradually
  reducing population growth.
• Future population projections vary, but
  population-related challenges are inevitable.

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POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

• World Population Trends
• Reasons for Population Increase
• Medical advances lead to better health care,
  which allows people to live longer

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POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

• World Population Trends
• Reasons for Population Increase
• Agricultural advances lead to increased food
  production, which allows more people to live in
  an area

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POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

• World Population Trends
• Reasons for Population Increase
• Sanitation advances lead to cleaner living
  conditions, which help people stay healthy

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CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Studying Culture
• Culture Traits
• Activities behaviors common to groups of people
• Some are the same around the world
• Ex Mathematics
• Some are different
• Ex In the USA, people use a knife, fork, and
  spoon while eating in many Asian cultures, they
  use chopsticks
• Some are linked
• Ex The Amish religious group is located not
  only in the USA but in Canada as well

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CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Studying Culture
• Culture Regions
• Areas in which people share culture traits
• Examples
• Japan has one dominant culture
• Many African countries, however, have many
  culture regions, as is the case in Kenya,
  Nigeria, and South Africa

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CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Culture Change
• Culture traits can change over time
• Ex
• Shopping patterns
• Clothing trends
• Transportation methods
• Change can be caused by
• Migration
• War
• Trade

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CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Culture Change
• Innovation
• New ideas that a culture accepts
• Examples
• Some happen once
• Baseball was developed in the USA and later
  spread to the Caribbean and Asia
• Others happen in different places at different
  times
• Ways of building boats developed independently
  among people all over the world

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CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Culture Change
• Diffusion
• When an idea or innovation spreads from one
  person or group to another and is adopted
• Three Types
• Expansion
• Relocation
• Hierarchal

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CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Culture Change
• Diffusion
• Expansion
• Information about a new idea or innovation
  spreads throughout a society
• Ex New cars

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CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Culture Change
• Diffusion
• Relocation
• People move to new places and take their culture
  with them
• Ex Religion i.e. Judaism diffused through the
  United States with European immigrants

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CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Culture Change
• Diffusion
• Hierarchal
• Spread from places of greater size and influence
  to smaller places
• Ex LA or New York fashion

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CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Culture Change
• Globalization
• Process by which connections around the world
  increase and cultures become more alike
• Ex
• Spread of English
• Popularity of Japanese electronics
• German cars
• Italian fashions
• McDonalds

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CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Culture Change
• Traditionalism/Fundamentalism
• The opposite of globalization
• Following longtime practices opposing many
  modern technologies ideas
• Fundamentalism can describe any movement in which
  people believe in strictly following certain
  established principles or teachings

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WORLD LANGUAGES RELIGIONS

• Geography of Languages
• It affects almost everything because it is our
  main means of communication
• Languages are divided into families branches
• Ex English is a language in the Germanic branch
  of the Indo-European family
• Ex Spanish and French are languages in the
  Romance branch of the Indo-European family
• Geographers study the origin and spread of
  languages

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WORLD LANGUAGES RELIGIONS

• Geography of Languages
• Mandarin Chinese is the language with the most
  speakers
• English, however, is the lingua franca
• This means it is a language of trade and
  communication

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WORLD LANGUAGES RELIGIONS

• Geography of Religion
• Religions differ from place to place
• They produce culture traits that can be mapped
• Religious differences create many conflicts
  around the world
• Ex Arab-Israeli Conflict

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WORLD LANGUAGES RELIGIONS

• Geography of Religion
• There are three main types of religions around
  the world
• Ethnic
• Animist
• Universalizing

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WORLD LANGUAGES RELIGIONS

• Geography of Religion
• Ethnic
• Focus on one ethnic group and generally have not
  spread into other cultures
• Ex
• Confucianism
• Hinduism
• Judaism
• Shintoism
• Taoism (aka Daoism)

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WORLD LANGUAGES RELIGIONS

• Geography of Religion
• Animist
• Belief in presence of spirits and forces of
  nature
• Polytheism is usually an essential part of it
• Ex
• Traditional religions like those in rural Africa
• Some ancient religions like those of the ancient
  Aztecs or Mayans

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WORLD LANGUAGES RELIGIONS

• Geography of Religion
• Universalizing
• Religions that seek followers all over the world
• Ex
• Christianity
• Islam

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ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

• Economic Activities
• Primary
• Uses natural resources directly
• Location
• At the site of the natural resources being used
• Examples
• Wheat farming
• Iron mining

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ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

• Economic Activities
• Secondary
• Uses raw materials to produce or manufacture
  something new
• Location
• Close to the resource or close to the market for
  the finished product
• Factors such as labor, energy, and land costs can
  also affect location
• Examples
• Processing wheat into flour
• Manufacturing steel
• Making timber into wood

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ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

• Economic Activities
• Tertiary
• Provides services to people and businesses
• Location
• Usually near customers
• Examples
• Bakeries
• Car dealerships
• Teachers
• Doctors

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ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

• Economic Activities
• Quaternary
• Processes and distributes information
• Location
• Anywhere
• Factors such as access to skilled workers, good
  transportation communication systems, and
  places with pleasant climates a high quality of
  life can also affect location
• Examples
• Plant-genetics research
• Automotive engineering
• Scientists
• Computer engineers

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ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

• Economic Systems
• Traditional/Subsistence
• People make goods for themselves or their
  families with little surplus (little extra)
• Motivator
• Survival
• Location
• Mostly poor countries rural areas

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ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

• Economic Systems
• Market
• People freely choose what to buy and sell
• Free Enterprise where competition among
  businesses sets the prices of goods
• Motivator
• Profit
• Location
• Most of the worlds rich countries

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ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

• Economic Systems
• Command
• The government establishes products, locations,
  prices
• Motivator
• Government regulation
• Location
• Communist countries (i.e. North Korea Cuba)

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ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

• Levels of Development
• Measures of Development
• GNP (Gross National Product)
• The total value of goods and services that a
  country produces in a year. GNP includes goods
  and services owned by that countrys citizens but
  located in foreign lands.
• GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
• Includes only those goods and services created
  within the country
• Level of Industrialization
• The process by which manufacturing based on
  machine power becomes widespread in an area

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ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

• Levels of Development
• Measures of Development
• Average amount of energy people use
• Could tell us how much of the population has
  electricity
• Size quality of transportation communication
  systems
• Countries with more telephones per person tend to
  more developed

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ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

• Levels of Development
• Standard of Living
• Measured By
• Amount of personal income
• Levels of education (i.e. literacy rate)
• Food consumption
• Quality of health care
• Technology level
• Life expectancy

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ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

• Levels of Development
• Developed Countries
• High levels of industrialization
• High standards of living, education, health
  care high life expectancy and literacy rates
• Good infrastructure (roads, communication
  networks, etc)

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ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

• Levels of Development
• Developing Countries
• Poorer nations with lower standards of living,
  education, and health care
• Based mainly on agriculture with fewer jobs in
  services or manufacturing
• Includes most of Africa, Asia, Central and South
  America, and the Pacific Islands

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URBAN RURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Using the Land
• Agriculture Human History
• Hunter-gatherers moved with the seasons in search
  of food
• Humans domesticated plants and animals
• People developed agriculture transformed their
  environments
• Agriculture provided surplus food and allowed
  people to learn new crafts and skills
• Towns and cities grew as civilization developed
• Trade between cities increased cultural diffusion

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URBAN RURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Urban Geography
• Focuses on the geography of cities

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URBAN RURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Urban Geography
• Location
• Near key resources (i.e. freshwater minerals)
• Near transportation trade routes
• Easily defended sites

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URBAN RURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Urban Geography
• Size Distribution
• Hierarchy of Urban Places
• The larger places are, the fewer there are
• They differ in size because they serve different
  purposes
• Some cities, like New York, London, and Tokyo are
  called world cities, meaning they are centers of
  economic power and wealth
• 75 of people in developed countries live in
  cities

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URBAN RURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Urban Geography
• Land Use
• CBD (Central Business District)
• City centers, dominated by large stores, offices,
  and buildings and acting as transportation hubs
• Factories Warehouses
• Housing (older)
• Suburbs (newer housing)
• Edge Cities
• Clusters of large buildings away from the CBD

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URBAN RURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Urban Geography
• Urban Problems
• Housing
• Poverty
• Transportation
• Traffic
• Environmental
• Land, air, and water pollution
• Made worse because cities often pack many people,
  homes, and industries into a small area

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URBAN RURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Rural Geography
• Found outside cities
• Agriculture main economic activity

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URBAN RURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Rural Geography
• Subsistence Agriculture
• Practiced most widely around the world
• Food is produced by a family for its own needs
• Usually very little extra

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URBAN RURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Rural Geography
• Subsistence Agriculture
• Shifting Cultivation (aka Shifting Agriculture)
• Common in difficult environments like tropical
  forests
• Slash-and-burn farming is typical

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URBAN RURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Rural Geography
• Subsistence Agriculture
• Pastoralism
• Herding animals
• Cattle, goats. horses, sheep, or other animals
  provide milk and meat for pastoralists
• Animal skins or hair are used for shelter and
  clothing

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URBAN RURAL GEOGRAPHY

• Rural Geography
• Market-Oriented Agriculture (Commercial
  Agriculture)
• Farmers grow products to sell to consumers,
  focusing mainly on those products they can sell
  for a profit

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POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

• Geography Governments
• Governments divide control Earths surface
• Have authority of territory within their own
  borders
• Governments rule their people
• Good governments protect the lives property of
  their people, including citizens freedoms
  rights
• Governments interact
• Usually peacefully we call this diplomacy
• Culture influences government
• Cultural beliefs may lead to laws that force
  businesses to close on certain religious days

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POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

• Geographic Boundaries
• Natural
• Cultural
• Geometric

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POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

• Geographic Boundaries
• Natural
• Based on and follow physical features
• Example
• US-Mexico border along the Rio Grande River

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POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

• Geographic Boundaries
• Cultural
• Based on culture traits such as religion or
  language
• Example
• Spain-Portugal border

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POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

• Geographic Boundaries
• Geometric
• Based on and follow regular, geometric patterns
  such as latitude and longitude
• Example
• US-Canada border
• Border between North and South Korea

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POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

• Conflict Cooperation
• Political Conflicts
• Common
• Can be caused by
• Nationalism (pride in ones country)
• How people should be governed differences
  between
• Totalitarian Governments one person or a few
  people decide what is best for everyone. Citizens
  have little or no say in how their country is
  governed. Communist countries, such as North
  Korea and Cuba, have such governments
• Democratic Governments the people decide who
  will govern. They choose their leaders by voting
  in free elections. Democratic governments value
  individual freedoms and human rights.

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POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

• Conflict Cooperation
• Political Conflicts
• Common
• Can be caused by
• Economic Issues
• Tariffs and quotas help protect a countrys
  industries from foreign competition. However,
  they can also cause trade disputes among
  countries.

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POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

• Conflict Cooperation
• Terrorism
• The use of violence fear as a political force
• Terrorists act for many reasons
• Independence for homelands
• Reach various political goals (i.e. different
  public policies)

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POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

• Conflict Cooperation
• International Cooperation
• There are two main reasons why countries
  cooperate with each other
• Political Benefits
• UN (United Nations) Representatives of the
  worlds countries discuss international issues
  and voice their concerns
• Main goals are settling conflicts between
  countries and trying to prevent wars.
• Economic Benefits
• WTO (World Trade Organization) works to make
  trade between countries fairer and easier
• Most countries belong to the WTO