UNITED STATES DOMESTIC POLICIES (1945-2000)

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UNITED STATES DOMESTIC POLICIES(1945-2000)

• Unit VIIB
• AP U.S. History

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Fundamental Question

• Compare and contrast the administrations of
  Democratic presidents and Republican presidents
  regarding political and economical policies.

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Harry Truman (D) (1945-1953)

• Postwar Economic Issues
• To avoid unemployment, eliminated price controls
  leading to inflation and strikes
• Employment Act of 1946
• Council of Economic Advisers
• Mid-Term Election of 1946
• Led to Republican majorities in Congress
• Do Nothing Congress
• Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
• Prohibited closed shops, political contributions,
  sympathy strikes
• Presidential Succession Act of 1947
• 22nd Amendment (1951)
• Two-term limits for President
• Civil Rights
• Committee on Civil Rights (1946)
• Executive Order 9981 (1948)
• Desegregated the federal government and military

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Election of 1948

• Democrats
• Harry Truman
• Progressive Party
• Henry Wallace
• States Rights Party (Dixiecrats)
• Strom Thurmond
• Republicans
• Thomas Dewey

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Trumans Fair Deal

• A continuation of New Deal-style social welfare
  programs
• Successful Policies
• Expansion of Social Security
• Increased minimum wage 40 cents to 75 cents
• Housing Act of 1949
• Urban projects and public housing
• Failures
• Prevention by Republican and Southern Democrat
  coalition
• National healthcare insurance
• Limited civil rights legislation

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Election of 1952

• Republicans
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• I Like Ike
• Richard Nixon as VP
• Checkers speech
• Democrats
• Adlai Stevenson

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Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) (1953-1961)Modern
Republicanism

• Philosophy of Dynamic Conservatism
• Balanced budgets
• Federal support for business
• Reduce federal powers and influence to
  states/locals
• Progressive republicans
• Effects
• Increased appropriations to Defense
• Automation
• Middle Class expansion
• Per-capita increases, low inflation, rising GDP
• Major Policies
• Soil-Bank Program (1956)
• Interstate Highway System (1956)
• National Defense Education Act (1958)
• Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
  (1953)
• Civil Rights Events
• Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
• Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
• Little Rock Nine (1957)

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Interstate Highway System
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Election of 1956

• Republicans
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Democrats
• Adlai Stevenson
• Television
• Became the dominant medium
• Housewife commercials

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Election of 1960

• Republicans
• Richard Nixon
• Democrats
• John F. Kennedy
• Massachusetts
• Catholic
• Balanced ticket with Lyndon Johnson (D-TX)
• Debates
• Radio - Nixon
• Television - Kennedy

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John F. Kennedy (D) (1961-1963)

• New Frontier
• Fiscal conservatism
• Expansion of social welfare
• Clean Air Act (1963)
• Attorney General Robert Kennedy and Civil Rights
• Ask not what your country can do for you--ask
  what you can do for your country.
• 23rd Amendment (1961)
• Electoral votes for D.C.

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Kennedys Assassination

• Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963
• Warren Commission
• Investigations and hearings ruled Lee Harvey
  Oswald as lone assassin
• Conspiracy theories led to doubt of federal
  government
• Lyndon B. Johnson assumes office

JFK moments before his assassination in Dallas
Lee Harvey Oswald shot by Jack Ruby
LBJ takes oath of office on Air Force One
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Lyndon B. Johnson (D) (1963-1969)

• Great Society
• Civil Rights Era
• 24th Amendment (1964)
• Poll taxes unconstitutional
• 25th Amendment (1967)
• Presidential succession
• Vietnam

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Election of 1964

• Democrats
• Lyndon B. Johnson
• Daisy Ad
• Republicans
• Barry Goldwater
• Criticized welfare state policies

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Lyndon B. Johnson (D) (1963-1969)Great Society

• War on Poverty
• Office of Economic Opportunity
• Food Stamps
• Community Action
• Job Corps
• Civil Rights Legislation
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Immigration
• Immigration Act of 1965
• Housing
• Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
• Education
• Elementary and Secondary Education Act
• Head Start
• Health Care
• Medicare
• Health services for elderly
• Medicaid

• Department of Transportation
• National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act
• Safety belts, redesigns for protection, drunk
  drivers
• Environmental Protection
• Wilderness Act
• Endangered Species Act
• Cultural Promotion
• National Historic Preservation
• National Endowment for the Arts AND the
  Humanities
• Public broadcasting (PBS) and public radio (NPR)
• Consumer Protection
• Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
• Fiscal Policies
• 10 Billion Tax Cuts
• Consumer spending rose 45

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The Warren Court (1953-1969)

• Equality
• Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
• Baker v. Carr (1962)
• Criminal Justice
• Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
• Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
• Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)
• Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
• First Amendment
• Engel v. Vitale (1962)
• Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)
• Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
• New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)
• Privacy
• Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

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Election of 1968

• Democrats
• Lyndon Johnson rescinded nomination due to
  Vietnam
• Robert Kennedy assassination
• National Convention Riots in Chicago
• Hubert Humphrey
• Republicans
• Richard Nixon
• Peace and Honor
• Law and Order
• American Independent
• George Wallace

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Richard Nixon (R) (1969-1974)

• Political Policy
• Silent Majority
• WWII veterans, Midwest, South, blue collar,
  suburbia, rural America
• Southern Strategy
• Appeal to conservative Solid South
• Busing and Desegregation
• New Federalism/Competitive Federalism
• Revenue sharing and block grants
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration
  (OSHA)
• War on Drugs
• Economy
• 1973 Oil Crisis and Stagflation
• I am now a Keynesian in economics.
• Spending cuts to deficit spending
• 90-day price and wage controls
• Devalued dollar off gold standard
• Conservation
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• Clean Air Act of 1970

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Election of 1972

• Republicans
• Richard Nixon
• Democrats
• George McGovern

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Watergate

• Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP)
• G. Gordon Liddy
• Break-In at Democratic National Headquarters at
  Watergate Hotel (June 1972)
• Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein - Washington Post
• Deepthroat - Mark Felt
• Saturday Night Massacre (October 20, 1973)
• Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox
• Im not a crook.
• Nixon Tapes
• United States v. Nixon (1974)
• Resignation (August 9, 1974)
• In lieu of impeachment articles

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Gerald Ford (R) (1974-1977)

• Assumed office after Nixons resignation
• Pardons Nixon to end national nightmare
• Economy
• Stagflation
• WIN (Whip Inflation Now)
• Inflation soared despite call for voluntarism by
  businesses and consumers
• Necessitated stimulus plan from Congressional
  Democrats

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Election of 1976

• Republicans
• Gerald Ford
• Ronald Reagan had threatened nomination
• Democrats
• Jimmy Carter
• Washington outsider
• Georgia governor

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Jimmy Carter (D) (1977-1981)

• Amnesty to Vietnam draft dodgers
• Economy
• 1979 Energy Crisis
• Iranian Revolution
• Three Mile Island (1979)
• Stagflation continued
• Malaise Speech
• Crisis of Confidence
• Dependency on oil and non-renewable fuels will
  affect the future
• Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker
• Raised interest rates to highest levels
• Resulted in higher inflation and lower GDP in the
  short-run
• In the long-run, the economy recovered but after
  Carters administration

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Conservative Resurgence

• Reaction to counterculture and liberalism of
  1960s and 1970s
• Personalities
• William F. Buckley
• Barry Goldwater
• Milton Friedman
• Ronald Reagan
• Demographics
• Blue-collar workers
• Yuppies and Corporates
• Fundamentalists
• Rural, suburbs/commuter towns
• Southern Democrats shifted Republican
• Midwest more solidly Republican
• Moral Majority and Televangelists
• Jerry Falwell
• Pat Robertson

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Election of 1980

• Democrats
• Jimmy Carter
• Republicans
• Ronald Reagan
• Campaign
• Debate
• There you go again.
• Are you better now than you were four years ago?

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Ronald Reagan (R) (1981-1989)Reagan Revolution

• Reaganomics - Supply-Side Economics
• Tax Cuts
• Economic Recovery Tax Act (1981)
• Tax Reform Act of 1986
• Spending cuts on domestic and social welfare
  programs
• Massive military expenditures
• Deregulation - New Federalism
• Limited regulation of businesses
• Opened up federal conservation lands for
  resources and development
• PATCO Strike (1981)
• Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)

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Election of 1984

• Republicans
• Ronald Reagan
• Democrats
• Walter Mondale
• Nominated Geraldine Ferraro as VP
• Rainbow Coalition
• Campaign
• Morning in America

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Reagans Impact

• The Economy Under Reaganomics
• Tripled national debt
• 900 billion to 2.7 trillion
• Trade deficits and debtor status
• Inflation
• 12.5(1980) to 4.4 (1988)
• Unemployment
• 7.5 (1980) to 5.4 (1988)
• Socioeconomic gap widened
• Welfare programs cut
• Black Monday (Oct. 19, 1987)
• Stock prices fell 508 points - largest in history
• Savings and Loan Crisis
• Conservative Supreme Court Nominations
• Sandra Day OConnor - first female Justice
• Antonin Scalia
• Anthony Kennedy
• War on Drugs
• Just Say No - Nancy Reagan

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The Burger Court (1969-1986)

• Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
• New York Times v. United States (1971)
• Roe v. Wade (1973)
• Miller v. California (1973)
• United States v. Nixon (1974)
• Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
• Gregg v. Georgia (1976)
• Regents of UC v. Bakke (1978)
• Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)

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Election of 1988

• Democrats
• Michael Dukakis
• Republicans
• George H.W. Bush
• Campaign
• Read my lips. No new taxes.
• Dukakis in the Tank
• Willie Horton ad

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George H.W. Bush (R) (1989-1993)

• American with Disabilities Act (1990)
• Recession (1990-1991)
• Savings and Loan Crisis
• 27th Amendment (1992)
• Persian Gulf War (1991)
• Highest popularity due to swift victory

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Election of 1992

• Democrats
• Bill Clinton
• Republicans
• George H.W. Bush
• Reform Party
• H. Ross Perot

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Bill Clinton (D) (1993-2001)

• North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
  (1994)
• Republican Revolution (1994)
• Contract with America
• Newt Gingrich
• Welfare Reform Act (1996)
• Lewinski Scandal
• Impeachment

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Election of 1996

• Democrats
• Bill Clinton
• Republicans
• Bob Dole
• Reform Party
• H. Ross Perot

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Election of 2000

• Democrats
• Al Gore
• Republicans
• George W. Bush
• Green Party
• Ralph Nader
• Bush v. Gore (2000)