Imran Hussain

1
Virtual University Human-Computer Interaction
Lecture 44Emerging Paradigms

• Imran Hussain
• University of Management and Technology (UMT)

2
In the Last Lecture..

• Information retrieval
• Storage systems
• Retrieval system
• Retrieving in physical world and retrieving in
  the digital world
• Web searching systems

3
In Todays Lecture

• Searching system and what they comprise of ?
• Web accessibility
• Web localization
• New paradigms

4
Scenario

• Three users
• User A
• User B
• User C
• User A uses your search functionality to search
  for Auto
• User B uses your website and enter Automobile
• User C come to your website and enter the keyword
  Vehicles

5
Information Architecture
6
Web Accessibility
7
Why Accessibility?

• Regulatory compliance
• There are various acts in various countries which
  people need to compliance with
• American Disability Act mandates equal access to
  computer systems for users with disabilities
• Increasing pool of aged people
• 50 of people older than 65 years have some form
  of functional impairment

8
Why Accessibility?

• Plain old human decency
• Everyone has equal rights

9
What is Accessibility?

• Scope of disabilities
• Do users have a condition that makes it difficult
  to use traditional computer input and output
  devices?
• 30 million people in US have such disability
  problems which cause an obstruction in web
  accessibility

10
How is Accessibility Possible?

• Use HTML properly
• Web pages are made by using Hyper Text Mark up
  Language
• Encode meaning rather than appearance
• Allows alternative browsers to present that
  meaning in different ways that are optimized for
  abilities of individual users
• Follow accessibility standards and guidelines

11
Types of Disabilities

• Visual
• Auditory
• Speech
• Motor
• Cognitive

12
Visual Disabilities

• Blind users
• Color-blind users
• Cannot see red-green colors
• Partially sighted users

13
Reduced Eyesight

• Encode information with relative font sizes
  instead of absolute font sizes
• Normal font sizes
• 10, 12, 14 points
• Large font sizes
• 18, 24

14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
Web Accessibility Initiative

• The efforts of Web Accessibility Initiative have
  produced certain guidelines, checklist and
  technique
• These help the developers of the website to
  ensure accessibility

17
Types of Guidelines

• Content
• User Agent
• Authoring Tool

18
Web Localization

• What fonts to use?
• How to display Text
• Left to right
• What about web page controls?
• What about controls of browser itself
• Various terms that are used in webpage may also
  require localization
• URL www equivalent ( ???)?

19
New Paradigms

• Ubiquitous computing
• Pervasive computing
• Wearable computing
• Tangible bits, augmented reality and
  physical/virtual integration
• Attentive environments and transparent computing

20
Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp)

• What it implies
• Before, user had to seek out the computer
  interface
• Interface can itself take responsibility of
  locating and serving the user
• Mark Weisner
• Credited with coining the phrase
• Had a vision of people and environments augmented
  with computational resources that provide
  information and services, when and where desired

21
Motivation behind ubicomp

• Main motivation
• Centered on the impact that it would have on the
  human experience

22
Now some quotes .
23
Quote 1Machines that fit the human environment
instead of forcing humans to enter theirs will
make using a computer as refreshing as a walk in
the woods. - Weisner (1991)
24
Quote 2We wanted to put computing back in its
place, to reposition it into the environmental
background, to concentrate on human-to-human
interfaces and less on human-to-computer ones.
- Weisner (1999)
25
Quote 3Inspired by the social scientists,
philosophers, and anthropologists at PARC, we
have been trying to take a radical look at what
computing and networking ought to be like. We
believe that people live through their practices
and tacit knowledge so that the most powerful
things are those that are effectively invisible
in use. This is a challenge that affects all of
computer science.Our preliminary approach
activate the world. Provide hundreds of wireless
computing devices per person per office, of all
scales (from 1 displays to wall-sized). This has
required new work in operating systems, user
interfaces, networks, wireless, displays, and
many other areas. We call our work ubiquitous
computing. This is different from PDAs,
dynabooks, or information at your fingertips. It
is invisible, everywhere computing that does not
live on a personal devices of any sort, but is in
the woodwork everywhere. - Weisner (1994)
26
Salient features of ubicomp

• Computers would disappear into environment
• It means seamless integration into physical world
  in a manner that it extends human capabilities
• Prototype for an office

27
One last quote .
28
Quote 4ubiquitous computing will produce
nothing fundamentally new, but by making
everything faster and easier to, with less strain
and fewer mental gymnastics, it will transform
what is apparently possible. - Weisner (1999)
29
Pervasive computing

• Pervasive computing
• Direct access to information and services
• Such technology referred to as smart devices
• Cell phones
• Handheld devices
• Intelligent fridges
• Interactive microwave ovens

30
Wearable computing

• Computer can be embedded in
• Jewelry
• Head-mounted caps
• Glasses
• Shoes
• Jackets

31
Tangible bits, augmented reality and
physical/virtual integration

• Also inspired by ubiquitous computing
• Tangible bits
• Integration of computational augmentation into
  physical environment
• Figuring out how to combine digital info with
  physical objects and surfaces (e.g., buildings)
  to allow people to perform everyday activities

32
Attentive environments and transparent computing

• Computer attends to users needs through
  anticipating what the user wants to do
• User does not decide what to do, burden shifted
  to computer
• Computer interfaces respond to users expressions
  and gestures
• Sensor-rich environments are used detect the
  users current state and needs
• Examples
• Cameras can detect where people are looking
• What part of a screen they are looking at
• What web sites they want to visit, and at what
  times (cross with marketing research)

33
Attentive environments and transparent computing

• IBM BlueEyes project
• Has a range of computational devices that use
  non-obtrusive sensing technology, including
  videos and microphones to track and identify user
  actions
• Info is analyzed w.r.t. where users are looking,
  what they are doing, gestures, expressions
• This info is coded in terms of users states
• Physical
• Emotional
• Informational
• This is then used to decide what to present the
  user
• Example a person walks into a room