Co-management of wildlife and protected areas

1
Co-management of wildlife and protected areas

• Cooperating with communities

2
Themes today

• What is co-management?
• Fortress conservation
• Pros and cons of co-management
• Examples
• The CAMPFIRE model
• The Uluru model
• Obstacles to effective co-management
• Different motivations
• Community-government relations
• Community representation
• Case study lobster co-management in Maine

3
What is co-management?

• Cooperation in regulating a resource
• government or non-governmental organization
• local communities
• Community-based management or community-based
  conservation
• 3 components
• community participation in decisions
• community ownership of natural resources
• linking conservation to economic benefits
• Decentralisation

4
Fortress conservation

• People threaten wilderness
• Resistance
• breaking rules
• protesting
• appealing to human rights advocates
• Ineffective management
• corruption
• cookie-cutter solutions

5
Pros and cons of co-management

• Local knowledge and experience
• more effective
• easier acceptance
• Problems
• invasions
• lack of resources
• disagreements

6
Managing protected areas

• Regulations
• Enforcement
• Dispute resolution

7
(No Transcript)
8
Examples

• Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous
  Resources (CAMPFIRE)
• Uluru

9
The CAMPFIRE model

• Decision-making power
• Financial incentives
• Producer communities
• ward and village development committees
• wildlife committees

10
Managing protected areas CAMPFIRE

• Regulations
• Enforcement
• Dispute resolution

X
?
X
11
The Uluru model

• Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park
• Freehold title granted to a land trust
• Leased back to government
• Managed by Aboriginal board
• Community members get
• entrance rights
• rental payments
• park fees
• direct and indirect employment
• Dispute resolution by lawyer

12
Managing protected areas Uluru

• Regulations
• Enforcement
• Dispute resolution

?
?
?
13
Obstacles to effective co-management

• Different perceptions and incentives
• Community-government relations
• Intra-community conflict

14
Different motivations

• Governments and NGOs
• financial benefits
• attracting funds
• recreational potential
• species rights
• Local residents may share these
• But may have different interests and concerns

15
Addressing different perceptions

• Legislation
• prioritize wildlife
• resentment from local people
• Yield to requests
• Compromise

16
Community-government relations

• Communication difficulties
• language
• cultural differences
• inaccessibility
• different decision-making processes
• Mistrust
• Disagreements over land control
• Unequal power relations
• Lack of ownership

17
Community representation

• Inappropriate administrative boundaries
• Intra-community rivalry
• Capture by elite

18
Lobster co-management in Maine

• Acheson, James M. 1987. The lobster fiefs
  revisited economic and ecological effects of
  territoriality in Maine lobster fishing. Pp.
  37-65 in B.J. McCay and J.M. Acheson (eds.) The
  question of the commons the culture and ecology
  of communal resources. Tucson The University of
  Arizona Press.
• Acheson, James M. and Laura Taylor 2001. The
  anatomy of the Maine lobster comanagement law.
  Society and Natural Resources 14 425-441.

19
Common property lobster management

• Harbor gangs
• Zone Management Law
• lobster policy management zones
• elected councils of lobster license holders
• councils succeeded where legislation failed
• disagreements about management
• issues of representation
• Swans Island Conservation Zone

20
Changes

• Technology
• Population growth
• Disputes
• Fishermen need government
• Government needs fishermen