Modern Astronomy Timeline Images

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Modern Astronomy Timeline Images

• Reese

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Ancient Rocketry

• The Chinese make solid rocket fuel out of
  gunpowder.

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Space Age Begins!

• Space age began in 1957 when USSR launched the
  first ever artificial satellite called Sputnik 1.

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Sputnik 2

• In 1957, the USSR launched Sputnik 2 carrying a
  dog named Laika. The dog survived the launch but
  died in Space because it ran out of oxygen.

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Sputnik

• In 1960, Sputnik 5 carried two other dogs (Belka
  and Strelka) and they became the first creatures
  to survive the journey into Space as well as the
  re-entry.

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First Human to Orbit Earth

• In 1961, the USSR sent the first human (Yuri
  Garagin) in a Vostok rocket. He orbited once
  around the Earth and then safely made it back.

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U.S. Chimps in Space (1961)

• On January 31, 1961, Ham the chimp was launched
  in a Mercury capsule aboard a Redstone rocket.
  The chimp had been trained to pull levers to
  receive rewards of banana pellets and avoid
  electric shocks. His flight demonstrated the
  ability to perform tasks during spaceflight.
  Another chimp, Enos, became the first chimpanzee
  in orbit on November 29, 1961, in another Mercury
  capsule using an Atlas Rocket.

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Ham the Chimp
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Enos the Chimp
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Gemini Project

• On May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy
  announced the goal to land humans on the surface
  of the moon and return them safely to earth by
  the end of the decade.

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John Glenn

• In 1962, John Glenn became the first American to
  orbit around Earth using the Mercury capsule.

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Apollo Missions (1963-19720

• The Apollo program was designed to land humans on
  the Moon and bring them safely back to Earth.
• Apollo 1 Ended in tragedy. Virgil I. Grissom,
  Edward H. White, Roger B. Chaffee were killed in
  a command module fire on the launch pad during a
  launch simulation at the Kennedy Space Center.
• Six of the missions (Apollos 11, 12, 14, 15, 16,
  and 17) landed on moon and safely brought back
  astronauts.
• Apollos 7 and 9 were Earth orbiting missions to
  test the Command and Lunar Modules, and did not
  return lunar data. Apollos 8 and 10 tested
  various components while orbiting the Moon, and
  returned photography of the lunar surface.

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What did they bring back?

• The six missions that landed on the Moon returned
  a wealth of scientific data and almost 400
  kilograms of lunar samples. Experiments included
  soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismic, heat flow,
  lunar ranging, magnetic fields, and solar wind
  experiments.

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Buzz Aldrin Neil Armstrong

• In 1969, the Saturn V rocket was used to take the
  first astronauts to the moon along with a lunar
  rover.

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Aldrin and Armstrong on Moon
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Apollo Missions Lunar Rover
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Sally Ride

• In 1983, Sally Ride became the first American
  woman astronaut to go on a mission on the
  Challenger.

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Main Parts

• The space shuttle has three main partsthe
  orbiter, rocket systems (two solid rocket
  boosters and three main engines), and an external
  fuel tank. The orbiter has the crew cabin (which
  can carry up to seven crew members) the cargo
  bay, and the three main engines. Located on each
  side of the shuttle, the solid booster rockets
  holds solid fuel. When the fuel is gone, the
  boosters fall back down to Earth. The external
  fuel tank holds the shuttles liquid fuel
  HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN FUEL.

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Challenger(83), Discovery (84) Columbia (85),
Atlantis (89), Endeavour(93)

• Columbia was named after a sailing vessel the
  explored the Columbia River in 1792 and was the
  first American ship to sail around the world.
• Discovery was named for two famous shipsHenry
  Hudsons ship that searched for a route from the
  Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean in the 1610s
  and Captain James Cooks ship that sailed the
  Pacific Ocean where he found the Hawaiian Islands
  in the 1770s.
• Atlantis was named after the first U.S. ship used
  for ocean research.
• Endeavour was named after the first ship
  commanded by Captain James Cook. In 1788 the ship
  sailed to the South Pacific and around Tahiti,
  discovered New Zealand, mapped Australia, and
  sailed around the Great Barrier Reef. His ship
  often took scientists on explorations.
• Challenger was named after a British Naval
  research ship, The HMS Challenger, that sailed
  into the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean in the
  1870s.
•  

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Space Shuttles Disasters

• In 1986 Challenger Explodes 73 seconds into
  flight and seven people die (including Christa
  McAuliffe).
• In 2003 Columbia disintegrated as it tried to
  re-enter the atmosphere after a 16 day mission in
  space. All seven crew members died.

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How The Shuttle Leaves Earth

• The "strength" of a rocket engine is called its
  thrust.
• Rocket engines are reaction engines. The basic
  principle driving a rocket engine is the famous
  Newtonian principle that "to every action there
  is an equal and opposite reaction." A rocket
  engine is throwing mass in one direction and
  benefiting from the reaction that occurs in the
  other direction as a result.

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Newtons Third Law
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How the Shuttle Leaves Earth

• The Orbiter weighs 165,000 pounds empty. The
  external tank weighs 78,100 pounds empty. The two
  solid rocket boosters weigh 185,000 pounds empty
  each. But then you have to load in the fuel. Each
  SRB holds 1.1 million pounds of fuel. The
  external tank holds 143,000 gallons of liquid
  oxygen (1,359,000 pounds) and 383,000 gallons of
  liquid hydrogen (226,000 pounds). The whole
  vehicle -- shuttle, external tank, solid rocket
  booster casings and all the fuel -- has a total
  weight of 4.4 million pounds at launch.

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Space Shuttle

• Shuttle travels at 160 km/hr (100 miles per hour)
  after the first 8 seconds, then it accelerates to
  1,600 km/hr ( 1,000 miles per hour) in order to
  leave our atmosphere.  It travels at 18,600 miles
  per hour to orbit around Earth. 

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Shuttle Re-entering Earth

• When it comes back into Earth, friction increases
  the temperature of the shuttle to 1700 degrees
  Celsius on the wing tips and nose of the shuttle!
   The space shuttle is covered with special tiles
  to protect it from the intense heat when it
  reenters the Earths atmosphere. Without these
  tiles, the space shuttle would burn to a crisp,
  killing all the astronauts inside.

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End of the Shuttle

• On July 8, 2011 the 135th and final space
  shuttle mission (Atlantis) lifted off, capping
  off the 30-year-old U.S. space shuttle program.

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Space Suits

• When outside the Space Station, the astronauts
  must wear spacesuits.  These act like miniature
  spacecrafts that provide the astronaut with
  everything an astronaut needs to survive short
  periods of time in space.  Spacesuits provide 
  Oxygen to breathe, water to drink, heating and
  cooling, communication devices (radio c, and
  toilet facilities, pressurized atmosphere,
  removing carbon dioxide (lithium hydroxide
  canisters), protect from micrometeorites (layers
  of Dacron and Kevlar), protect from radiation
  (reflective coatings of Mylar). 

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Evolution of Space Suit
GEMINI
MERCURY
APOLLO
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Evolution of Space Suit
SPACE SHUTTLE PUMKIN SUIT
APOLLO MOON WALK
SPACE SHUTTLE 81
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Evolution of Space Suit
JET PACK MANNED MANEUVERINGUNIT
FUTURE-2020
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Space Suit
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Space Suit Site

• http//www.nasa.gov/externalflash/spacesuit_galler
  y/

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What is a Space Probe?

• A probe is a spacecraft that travels through
  space to collect science information. Probes do
  not have astronauts. Probes send data back to
  Earth for scientists to study.

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Hubble Telescope

• In 1990 Discovery mission launches the Hubble
  telescope after half a century of planning.
  Hubble orbits at about 610 km above the Earths
  surface.
• In 1993 Endeavour made repairs on the Hubble and
  gave it a corrective contact lens that helped
  provide better images and better resolution.
• In 2003 Hubble got maintenance/repair
• In 2009 it was the last servicing mission for
  Hubble.

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Hubble Telescope Image
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ISS

• In 1998 the ISS (International Space station) was
  created/ launched by a group of countries.  It is
  the size of a football field.  It is powered by
  43,000 square feet of solar panels.  There is
  almost no gravity in the Space Station and
  astronauts are free-falling.  Handles and special
  foot holders are placed in various areas to help
  astronauts move around.  If they need to move
  around outside the space station, the can use
  Manned Maneuvering Units that have rockets built
  into them.   

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ISS
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Space Probes

• One of the most famous probes is Voyager 1. It
  has traveled further in space than any human-made
  object. It launched into space in 1977. Voyager
  1 has left our solar system and it is now in
  interstellar space.
• http//www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/final-fr
  ontier.html

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Space Probes

• Messenger (launched 2004) to study Mercury has
  found polar ice caps with frozen water.
• New Horizons (launched 2006) to study Pluto and
  Kuiper Belt (2015). It is half-way there
• Dawn (launched 2007) to study asteroid belt
  VESTA (2012) and (CERES-2015)

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Space Probes

• Kepler (launched 2009) spacecraft will watch a
  patch of space for indications of Earth-sized
  planets moving around stars similar to the sun.
  The area that Kepler will watch contains about
  100,000 stars like the sun. Using special
  detectors similar to those used in digital
  cameras, Kepler will look for a slight dimming in
  the stars as planets pass between the stars and
  Kepler.

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Spirit/Opportunity Mars Rover
http//marsrover.nasa.gov/home/index.html
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Phoenix

• http//www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/main/ind
  ex.html

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Curiosityhttp//www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/in
dex.html

• Landed on August 2012, the rover will assess
  whether Mars ever was, or is still, an
  environment able to support microbial life.