Circulation and Respiration

1
Circulation and Respiration
2
II. Circulatory systems

• A. Circulatory system basics
• 1. Fluidblood
• 2. Channelsvessels
• 3. A pumpthe heart

3
III. The vertebrate circulatory system

• A. Functions
• 1. Transport of O2 and CO2
• 2. Distribution of nutrients
• Transport of waste
• 4. Distribution of hormones
• 5. Regulation of body temperature
• 6. Protection of the body against blood loss

4
The vertebrate circulatory system

• B. The heart
• 1. Structure
• a. Atria
• b. Ventricles

5
aorta
pulmonary artery (to left lung)
superior vena cava
pulmonary artery (to right lung)
left atrium
pulmonary veins (from right lung)
pulmonary veins (from left lung)
atrioventricular valve
right atrium
semilunar valves
atrioventricular valve
left ventricle
right ventricle
ventricular septum
inferior vena cava
descending aorta (to lower body)
heart muscle
6
The vertebrate circulatory system

• Function
• a. The cardiac cycle
• 1) Systoleperiod of ventricle contraction
• 2) Diastolerelaxation of all the chambers
  followed by contraction of the atria
• Blood Pressure
• Systolic/Diastolic (ex. 120/80)

7
(No Transcript)
8
Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs.
Oxygenated blood from lungs enters left ventricle.
Oxygenated blood is pumped to the body.
Blood fills the atria and begins to flow
passively into the ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from body enters right
ventricle.
(a) Atria contract, forcing blood into the
ventricles.
(b) Then the ventricles contract, forcing
blood through arteries to the lungs and the
rest of the body.
(c) The cycle ends as the heart relaxes.
9

• Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
• Vena Cava
• Right Atrium
• Tricuspid Valve
• Right Ventricle
• Pulmonary Artery (Pulmonary Valve)
• Lungs
• Pulmonary Vein
• Left Atrium
• Bicuspid Valve Mitral Valve
• Left Ventrical
• Aorta (Aortic Valve)

10
III. The vertebrate circulatory system

• Function
• b. Coordination of heart activity
• 1) Atrioventricular and semilunar valves
• 2) The sinoatrial node (SA node)
• 3) The atrioventricular node (AV node)

11


aorta
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart 1. Vena
Cava 2. Right Atrium 3. Tricuspid Valve 4. Right
Ventricle 5. Pulmonary Artery (Pulmonary
Valve) 6. Lungs 7. Pulmonary Vein 8. Left
Atrium 9. Bicuspid Valve Mitral
Valve 10. Left Ventrical 11. Aorta (Aortic
Valve)
pulmonary artery (to left lung)
superior vena cava
pulmonary artery (to right lung)
left atrium
pulmonary veins (from right lung)
pulmonary veins (from left lung)
atrioventricular valve Bicuspid Valve Mitral
Valve
right atrium
semilunar valves
atrioventricular valve Tricuspid Valve
left ventricle
right ventricle
ventricular septum
inferior vena cava
descending aorta (to lower body)
heart muscle
12
sinoatrial (SA) node
atrioventricular (AV) node
excitable fibers
13
The vertebrate circulatory system

• . Coordination of heart activity
• 4) Influences on heart rate
• a) Parasympathetic nervous system - decreases
  heart rate
• b) Sympathetic nervous system - increases heart
  rate
• c) Hormones

14
The vertebrate circulatory system

• C. Blood
• 1. Functions
• a. Transport of nutrients, gases, hormones,
  wastes
• b. Immune response

15
The vertebrate circulatory system

• 2. Composition
• a. Plasma55 to 60
• 1) 90 water
• 2) Molecules of dissolved proteins, hormones,
  nutrients, gases, ions, and urea as a waste
• b. Red blood cellserythrocytes
• 1) 99 of the total cellular component in the
  blood
• 2) Carry oxygen bound to hemoglobin from the
  lungs to the tissue and buffer CO2 carried from
  the tissues
• c. White blood cellsleukocytes
• 1) 1 of the total cellular component of blood
• 2) Five white blood cell types
• d. Platelets
• 1) Cellular fragments from megakaryocyte in the
  bone marrow
• 2) Function in blood clotting

16
(No Transcript)
17
A white blood cell attacks bacteria
18
trapped red blood cell
platelets
fibrin network
19
The vertebrate circulatory system

• D. Blood vessels
• 1. Arteries and arterioles
• a. Thick walls, smooth muscle with elastic
  tissue to withstand high pressure
• b. Carry blood away from the heart
• 2. Capillaries
• a. Tiniest vessels thin, single-cell thick for
  easy diffusion
• b. Exchange of materials between blood and body
  cells
• 3. Venules and veins
• a. One-way valves in thin-walled vessels
  surrounded by thin layer of smooth muscle giving
  low resistance to blood flow, which is assisted
  by skeletal muscle
• b. Returns blood to the heart

20
capillaries
arteriole
venule
endothelium
capillary
connective tissue (external layer)
smooth muscle (middle layer)
artery
connective tissue
endothelium (inner layer)
vein
21
Red blood cells must pass through capillaries in
single file.
Capillary walls are thin and permeable to gases,
nutrients, and cellular wastes.
22
III. The vertebrate circulatory system

• 4. Distribution of blood flow
• a. Regulated by muscular walls of the arterioles
  
• b. Influenced by autonomic nerves, hormones, and
  other chemicals released from nearby tissues

23
jugular vein
carotid artery
aorta
superior vena cava
lung capillaries
pulmonary artery
inferior vena cava
heart
liver
kidney
intestine
femoral vein
femoral artery
24
The respiratory system

• A. Functions of the respiratory system
• 1. Works in conjunction with the circulatory
  system
• 2. Provides oxygen for cellular respiration

25
Respiratory systems and gas exchange

• A. Interrelated with circulatory system
• B. Mechanisms of gas movement
• 1. Bulk flow from areas of higher pressure to
  areas of lower pressure
• 2. Simple diffusion at the tissue or lung level

26
1. Gases move in and out of the lungs by
breathing.
2. O2 and CO2 are exchanged in the
lungs by diffusion.
alveoli (air sacs)
right atrium
3. Gases dissolved in blood are
transported by the circulatory system.
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle
4. O2 and CO2 are exchanged in the
tissues by diffusion.
27
VII. Human respiratory system

• A. The conducting portion
• 1. Carries air to the lungs
• 2. Warms and moistens air moving through it
• 3. Cilia that line the trachea, bronchi, and
  bronchioles filter dust particles

28
(a)
nasal cavity
pharynx
epiglottis
branch of pulmonary vein
larynx
esophagus
bronchiole
trachea
bronchi
alveoli
branch of pulmonary artery
bronchioles
capillary network
(b)
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
29
VII. Human respiratory system

• B. Gas exchange portion
• 1. The alveoli have an enormous surface area
• 2. Capillaries surround the alveoli
• 3. The mechanism of gas exchange and transport
• a. Oxygen and hemoglobin
• b. Carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions

30
interstitial fluid
capillary
fluid layer
capillary cell nucleus
alveolar cell nucleus
red blood cell
air in alveolus
plasma
alveolar membrane
capillary wall
31
VII. Human respiratory system

• C. Mechanics of breathing
• 1. Inspirationactive inhalation of air
• a. Diaphragm and rib muscles contract, making
  the chest cavity larger
• b. Chest expansion causes the lungs to expand
  vacuum draws in air
• 2. Expirationpassive exhalation of air when
  muscles are relaxed

32
air moves in
air moves out
ribcage contracts
ribcage contracts
ribcage expands
ribcage expands
lungs compress
lungs compress
lungs compress
lungs expand
lungs expand
diaphragm relaxes upward
diaphragm contracts downward
(a) Inhalation
(b) Exhalation
33
VII. Human respiratory system

• D. Control of respiration
• 1. Description of breathing
• 2. Regulation of breathing by carbon dioxide

34
Lymphatic system

• 1. Structure
• a. Complex network of thin-walled vessels
• b. In proximity to the capillary network
• c. Composed of cells with openings between them
  that act as one-way valves

35
(a)
superior vena cava
thoracic duct enters vein to vena cava
thymus
heart
spleen
thoracic duct
lymph vessels
lymph nodes
valve prevents backflow
white blood cells
(b) lymph node
36
Lymph is transported into larger lymph vessels.
interstitial fluid
Interstitial fluid enters through valvelike
openings between lymph capillary cells.
Blood capillaries leak fluid filtered from blood
plasma.
37
Lymphatic system

• 2. Functions
• a. Removal of excess fluid
• b. Transport of fats from the intestine
• c. Cellular body defense