Introduction to Animal Cells

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Introduction to Animal Cells
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Characteristics of Animal Cells

• They are eukaryotic cells, that means they
  contain a membrane bound nucleus
• They lack a cell wall that plant cells have
• Generally they are larger and more complex than
  prokaryotic cells
• Contains membrane bound structures called
  organelles

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Plasma Membrane

• Not an organelle
• Selectively permeable
• Defines boundaries of cell and ensures contents
  are retained
• Made of proteins and lipids
• Phospholipid bilayer

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Nucleus

• Considered the Control Center of the cell
• Controls cell activity
• Contains nearly all of the cells DNA

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Nucleolus

• Small, dense region within the nucleus
• The beginning site of protein assembly

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Nuclear Envelope

• Double membrane that surrounds nucleus
• Protects and isolates cell DNA
• Selectively permeable
• Contains thousands of nuclear pores that allow
  material to move into and out of the cell

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Centrioles

• Located near the nucleus
• Help to organize cell division in animal cells

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Ribosomes

• Most numerous and smallest organelle
• Composed of RNA and proteins
• Found throughout cytoplasm and attached to Rough
  Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Site of protein synthesis
• Made of 2 subunits

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Site where lipid components of cell membrane and
  proteins are assembled
• Site of preparation of material to be exported
  from the cell
• Two types
• Rough ER
• Smooth ER

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Endoplasmic Reticulum cont.

• Rough ER
• Has ribosomes attached to surface
• Portion of ER involved in protein synthesis

• Smooth ER
• Lacks ribosomes
• Contains enzymes that are specialized detoxify
  drugs and synthesize membrane lipids

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Golgi Apparatus

• Site of protein processing, sorting, packing, and
  transport from ER to be secreted from the cell

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Mitochondria

• One of the largest organelles
• Breaks down sugar molecules stored in food and
  converts them to chemical energy for use by the
  cell (ATP)
• Contain their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes and are
  able to reproduce themselves

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Mitochondria cont

• The powerhouse of the cell

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Lysosomes Peroxisomes

• Similar in both structure and function
• Lysosomes
• Filled with enzymes to breakdown and digest dead
  organelles and proteins not being used
• Peroxisomes
• Detoxifies hydrogen peroxide and other harmful
  compounds
• Plays a part in the oxidative breakdown of fatty
  acids in animal cells

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Vacuoles

• Saclike structure
• Storage area for the cell
• Stores materials like water, salt, proteins and
  carbohydrates

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Cytoskeleton

• Network of protein filaments that help cell
  maintain its shape
• Involved in movement of cells

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