Cell Basics

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Cell Basics
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Introduction to Cells

• A. Cells are the basic units of organisms
• B. Cells can only be observed under a microscope
• C. Basic types of cells

3.Bacterial Cell
1.Animal Cell
2.Plant Cell
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• D. Organisms may be
• Unicellular composed of one cell
• Multicellular- composed of many cells that may
  organize

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• E. Cells may prokaryotic or eukaryotic
• Prokaryotes include bacteria lack a nucleus or
  membrane-bound structures called organelles
• Eukaryotes include most other cells have a
  nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants,
  fungi, animals)

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Prokaryotes

• Nucleoid region contains the DNA
• Cell membrane cell wall
• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins
  in their cytoplasm

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Eukaryotic Cell

• Contain 3 basic cell structures
• Nucleus
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm with organelles

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F. Organelles

• Very small size
• Can only be observed under a microscope
• Have specific functions
• Found throughout cytoplasm

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G. Cell or Plasma Membrane
Cell membrane

• Living layer
• Controls the movement of materials into and out
  of the cell
• Selectively permeable
• Made of phospholipids and proteins

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H. Cytoplasm of a Cell

• Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
• Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take
  place
• Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs

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I. Nucleus

• Controls the normal
  activities of the cell
• Bounded by a
  nuclear membrane
• Contains chromosomes

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J. Plant Cell Organelles

• Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
• Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food)
• Process called photosynthesis

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Cell wall

• Dead layer
• Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers
• Give shape to the cell
• Strong and rigid

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Different kinds of plant cells
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K. Animal cell
cytoplasm
vacuole

• No cell wall or chloroplast
• Stores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy

nucleus
mitochondrion
cell membrane
glycogen granule
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Different kinds of animal cells
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L. Differences between plant cells and animal
cells
Animal cells
Plant cells
Relatively smaller in size
Relatively larger in size
Irregular shape
Regular shape
No cell wall
Cell wall present
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Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells
Animal cells
Plant cells
Vacuole small or absent
Large central vacuole
Glycogen as food storage
Starch as food storage
Nucleus at the center
Nucleus near cell wall
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Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells
Animal cells
Plant cells
Lysosome present
No lysosome
No chloroplasts
Chloroplasts present
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M. Levels of organization

• Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to
  perform special functions

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Tissue

• A group of similar cells to perform a particular
  function
• Animals epithelial tissue, muscular tissue
• Plants vascular tissue, mesophyll

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Organ

• Different tissues group together to carry out
  specialized functions
• Heart consists of muscles, nervous tissue and
  blood vessels
• Leaf consists of epidermis, mesophyll and
  vascular tissue

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The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ)
Chloroplast
Palisade Mesophyll Cell
Spongy Mesophyll Cell
Air Space
Stoma
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The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)
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System

• Several organs and tissues work together to carry
  out a particular set of functions in a
  co-ordinated way
• Human digestive, respiratory, excretory,
  circulatory and reproductive systems
• Plant root and shoot systems

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Human Body Systems

• Examples of systems
• Digestive System
• Respiratory System
• Circulatory System
• Nervous System
• Reproductive System

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Examples of a Human Body System
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Levels of Organization

• CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)
• TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)
• ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)
• SYSTEMS (circulatory system)
• ORGANISM (human)

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Its You!
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CELL TRIVIA- SMALLEST -mycoplasmas (.1 -
.3 microns)- LARGEST -ostrich egg-
LONGEST - nerve cells (up to 3 feet!)- HUMAN
CELLS 1. SMALLEST - sperm 2. LARGEST -
egg