Introduction to Biochemistry

1
Introduction to Biochemistry

• Unit 3, Lesson 1

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Organic Compounds

• Monomers (single units)
• Polymers (units joined together)
• Isomers

3
Carbohydrates

• Used for Energy
• Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
• glucose
• fructose
• galactose

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Disaccharides (double sugars)

• Maltose in grains (glucose, glucose)
• Lactose in milk (glucose, galactose)
• Sucrose table sugar (glucose, fructose)

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Polysaccharides (complex carbs)

• Starch
• Glycogen (animal starch)
• Cellulose (fiber)

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Lipids

• Long term energy storage
• Found in
• hormones
• membranes
• Insulation
• Protective covering

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Triglycerides (Fats and Oils)

• Composed of
• three fatty acids
• hydrocarbon chain (nonpolar)
• carboxyl group(polar)
• glycerol

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Types of Triglycerides

• Saturated
• C-C bonds
• animal fats, tropical oils
• raises cholesterol level
• Monounsaturated
• one CC bond
• plant oils
• lowers cholesterol level

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Types of Triglycerides

• Polyunsaturated
• more than one CC bond
• plant oils
• Hydrogenated fats
• H added to unsaturated fats
• found in junk foods

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Proteins

• Composed of amino acids (C,H,O,N)
• 20 amino acids
• Used as building blocks
• cell parts
• enzymes

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Enzymes

• Act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions

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Nucleic Acids

• Used to store information
• Composed of nucleotides
• Examples
• DNA - stored information
• RNA - uses information in protein synthesis

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Vitamins

• Organic
• Act as coenzymes
• Needed in small amounts

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Minerals

• Generally inorganic
• Building materials
• Chemical reactions
• Needed in small amounts