Evolution

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Evolution!
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Vocab

• Population- __________________________
• _____________________________________
• Species- ____________________________
  ____________________________________
• Ex) Sauerman Woods Crown Point
• -whitetail rabbits -deer
• -sparrows -squirrels

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Liger (lion and tiger)-infertile
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Cama (camel and llama)-infertile
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Tigon (tiger and lion)--infertile
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History of Evolutionary Thought

• Before 1850, most people believed
• Earth formed by supernatural events and never
  changed.
• Earth only a few thousand years old.
• ____________________________________________.
• ____________________________________________.

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History of Evolutionary Thought

• Jean Baptiste Lamarck
• Proposed that species DO evolve
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________

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Lamarcks Hypothesis

• 1. _________________________
• Ex.) ancestors of birds had a desire to fly, so
  they did.
• 2. _________________________
• Ex.) If species used its arms to swim over and
  over, it would develop flippers. If not, flippers
  would disappear.
• 3. ___________________________
  _____________________________
• Ex.) Tiger Woods children will be great
  golfers.
• WRONG!!!!

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History of Evolutionary Thought

• Alfred Wallace
• English teacher who collected plants and insects.
• Observed variations in organisms
• Proposed that species DO evolve
• ? similar to Darwins
• Sent idea to Darwin

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Charles Darwin

• At 22, sailed on the HMS Beagle to the
  Galapagos Islands.
• Was going to school to be a minister-believed God
  created each species to match its habitat and
  they never changed.
• Thought Earth was about 6,000 years old and
  didnt change.

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Charles Darwin cont.

• During journey, he made observations and recorded
  them in a journal.
• Darwin began to doubt that species remained
  ___________

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Charles Darwin cont.

• In 1859, Darwin published The Origin of Species.
• His book stirred up controversy.
• Proposed _________________________________________
  ___________

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Major points of Darwins book

• __________________________________________.
• __________________________________________.(surviv
  al of the fittest.)
• __________________________________________.
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________.
• African apes are close genetic relatives of
  modern humans.

Darwin Video
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What We Know Now

• Evolution is a Scientific Theory
• Not a hypothesis, or an educated guess, or a
  theory in laymans terms.
• Unending amount of evidence to support it
• Evolution is called ____________________
• Isn't Evolution JUST a Theory?

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Darwins Natural Selection is the Driving Force
Behind Evolution

• Natural selection- _____________________
  ____________________________________.
• Darwins proposed mechanism of evolution
• Survival depends on the particular environmental
  conditions a species finds itself innature!
• If the environment changes, so do the populations
  that live there.
• ________________- using inherited genetic
  characteristics to increase chance of survival in
  new environment.
• Natural Selection and Salamanders

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Natural Selection

• Three conditions necessary for natural selection
  to occur
• ________________ Individuals within a population
  must be genetically different. This is due to
  mutation.
• Random mutations are the raw material for
  evolution to occur!!!!!!!
• _________________________ More organisms are
  born than can survive.
• ________________________ Certain traits enable
  individuals to survive and have more offspring
  than others.SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

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Natural Selection

• Result of Natural Selection
• ______________________________________.
• Unfavorable genes _____________________.
• This causes changes in the genetics of
  populations? __________________!!!!!
• Over a long time, the new populations no longer
  can mate with the original they started as.
  _____________________________________.

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Natural Selection Example

• The industrial revolution
• In England in the early 1800s industry boomed
• Factories, trains, smoke and smog
• Peppered moths were dark or light colored, and
  the dark ones that were once rare became more
  common.
• Hypothesis?

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The Peppered Moth

• Kettlewell tested this hypothesis
• Released equal numbers of moths in polluted AND
  clean forests.
• In industrialized areas, dark gray moth was
  better camouflaged.
• They survived, had more offspring
• The population as a whole evolved to be better
  suited to the environment? more gray and
  camouflaged?ADAPTATION!
• This is an example of microevolution

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The Peppered Moth

• Peppered Moth Simulation

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Types of Evolution

• Evolution - _____________________________
  ________- descent with modification
• Microevolution
• __________________________________
• _____________________
• Bengal tiger simulation was microevolution

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Types of Evolution

• MACROevolution
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________.
• Due to tremendous amounts of ___________
  __________________________________________
• Speciation- formation of new species due to
  accumulated __________ _____________________.

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Speciation

• Geographical isolation- members of a population
  are separated geographically
• __________________________________.
• Due to volcanoes, earthquakes, flooding, etc.
• ___________________________________.

Geographic Isolation!
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How does macroevolution work?

• dibosirdsaur
• GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION
• dibosirdsaur
  dibosirdsaur
• 10 million years of accumulated mutations
• diosirdsaur
  ibosirdsaur
• 10 million years of accumulated mutations
• diosirdsaur
  iboirdsaur
• 10 million years of accumulated mutations
• dinoirdsaur
  boirdsaur
• 10 million years of accumulated mutations
• dinordsaur
  boirdsur
• 10 million years of accumulated mutations
• dinodsaur
  boirdsu
• 10 million years of accumulated mutations
• dinodsaurs
  boirds
• 10 million years of accumulated mutations
• DINOSAURS
  BIRDS

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Darwin and the Finches

• When Darwin traveled to the Galapagos he took
  interest in the finches.
• He noticed the finch species on the islands were
  different, but all resembled one from S. America.
• Darwin thought some migrated and new species
  evolved. This is what he proposed

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Darwins Finches

• Finches migrated from South America to the
  islands
• Populations on different islands adapted to
  different environments and food sources they
  found.

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Darwins Finches

• Different mutations accumulated in the different
  populations on the different islands and they
  became more and more different from each other.
• Divergence- ______________________________________
  __________________________________

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Darwins Finches

• Over time the populations on the islands became
  so different they no longer mated-gt______________
• Several new finch species evolved from a common
  ancestor from S. America
• This is an example of ___________________

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Recent finch research
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EVOLUTION by natural selection
MACROevolution
Microevolution
________________ ________________ _______________
______________
________________ ________________ _______________
______________
Examples Peppered moth and Bengal tiger
______________
Examples Darwins finches and geographical
isolation
____________
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Artificial Selection

• Artificial selection- ___________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________.
• Instead of NATURE selecting which traits are
  favorable, HUMANS selectively breed those animals
  with favorable traits.
• Ex. dogs or racehorses

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In 50 years, will the allele frequencies be the
same?

• Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Principle
• Under certain conditions, ___________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _________________________.

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Genetics of the Population

• _____________ - all of the genes of every
  individual in population sample
• ____________- how often something occurs
• Population genetics involves studying the
  ____________ with which ___________ occur in a
  populations ____________.

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HARDY WEINBERG 5 CONDITIONS

• To keep H-W equilibrium there must be
• ___________________
• ___________________
• _______________________________________
• _________________________________________
• These conditions are NEVER all met, so
  populations are always changing and NOT in
• H-W equilibrium.

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Evidence for Evolution Today

• The ____________ record
• __________________ of living species
• ___________________________
• _______________________ development
• ________ Analysis

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The Fossil Record

• Provide snapshots of the past that, when
  assembled, illustrate a panorama of evolutionary
  change over the past four billion years. 

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Geographic distribution of living species-
similar organisms in different locations were
product of different lines of evolutionary
descent.
Similar ecological conditions- similar pressures
of natural selection
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Vestigial structures- some homologous structures
no longer serve important function. Reduced in
size (vestiges)

Forelimbs of extinct elephant bird are vestigial
structures
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Similarities in Early development- similarities
suggest an evolutionary relationship
Gill pouches and tails appear during early
stages- remnants of structures needed by our
aquatic ancestors.
During later stages- profound changes occur.
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Biochemistry- similarities in DNA and RNA help
to determine evolutionary relationships between
species
Human chromosomes (23 pair)
Chimp chromosomes (24 pair)