Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16

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Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16

• Plants
• Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
• Types of Plants
• Mosses (Bryophytes)
• Ferns
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
• Importance of Plant Diversity
• Fungi
• Characteristics
• Types

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Colonizing Land

• Plants
• Are terrestrial organisms.
• Are multicellular eukaryotes that make organic
  molecules by photosynthesis (photoautotrophs).

• Living on land poses different problems than
  living in water does.
• Plants require structural specializations, such
  as roots and shoots.

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Anatomy of a Plant and Terrestrial Adaptations
Figure 16.2
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• Leaves
• Are the main photosynthetic organs of most
  plants.
• Have stomata for gas exchange.
• Contain vascular tissue for transporting vital
  materials.

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Reproductive Adaptations

• Plants produce their gametes in protective
  structures called gametangia.

• In plants, but not algae, the zygote develops
  into an embryo while still contained within the
  female parent.

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Alternation of Generations Seen in Plant Life
Cycles
Both the diploid and the haploid life stages are
multicellular
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Where Did Land Plants Come From?

• Molecular comparisons and other evidence place a
  group of green algae called charophyceans closest
  to plants. Plants evolved from a water-based
  algae.

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Evolutionary Novelties and Clades Arising in
Plant Evolution
Figure 16.7
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Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16

• Plants
• Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
• Types of Plants
• Mosses (Bryophytes)
• Ferns
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
• Importance of Plant Diversity
• Fungi
• Characteristics
• Ecological Impact

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Bryophytes (Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts)

• Mosses
• Have no true roots (filamentous rhizoids instead
  terrestrial adaptation)
• Lack vascular tissue
• Must live in or near standing water
• Have a waxy cuticle to prevent dehydration (major
  terrestrial adaptations)
• Developing embryonic plants are retained within
  the gametangium (ovary) of the mother plant
• Have a dominant gametophyte (1n) generation

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Bryophytes Are the Simplest Plants
Figure 16.8
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Mosses Have a Dominant Gametophyte (1n)
Generation or Life Stage
Moss Life Cycle
Figure 16.10
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Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16

• Plants
• Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
• Types of Plants
• Mosses (Bryophytes)
• Ferns
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
• Importance of Plant Diversity
• Fungi
• Characteristics
• Ecological Impact

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Evolutionary Novelties and Clades Arising in
Plant Evolution
Figure 16.7
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Ferns

• Ferns
• Have true roots
• Have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
• Must have water nearby during reproduction
• Forms haploid spores that germinate into tiny
  haploid gametophyte
• Dominant sporophyte (2n) generation
• Formed huge swamp forests about 360-250 million
  years ago (Carboniferous Period) ? fossil fuels

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Adult Ferns, Shoots, and Reproductive Structures
Figure 16.11
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Ferns Have a Dominant Sporophyte (2n) Generation
2n 1n
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Swampy Fern-Tree Forests Common 300 Million Years
Ago
Fern Life Cycle
Figure 16.12
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Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16

• Plants
• Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
• Types of Plants
• Mosses (Bryophytes)
• Ferns
• Gymnosperms (Conifers)
• Angiosperms
• Importance of Plant Diversity
• Fungi
• Characteristics
• Ecological Impact

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Evolutionary Novelties and Clades Arising in
Plant Evolution
Figure 16.7
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Gymnosperms (Mostly All Cone-Bearing Plants)

• A drier, colder climate at the end of the
  Carboniferous period favored the evolution of
  gymnosperms, the first seed plants.
• The descendants of early gymnosperms
• Include the conifers, cone-bearing plants.

• Gymnosperms have
• Needle-like or scale-like leaves
• Male and female cones to make pollen and eggs
• Naked ovaries within cones (not fully enclosed
  by tissue)
• Eggs develop into seeds
• Wind pollinated, form winged seeds
• Dominant diploid (sporophyte) generation
• Persistent leaves (evergreen)

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Gymnosperm (Conifer) Needles and Leaves
Arrangements of needles on a stem
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Most Gymnosperms Are Evergreen and Reproduce with
Cones
Figure 16.13
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The Ovaries in a Female Cone are Naked or
Incompletely Housed By Integument Tissue
Pine Life Cycle
Figure 16.16
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Gymnosperms Have a Dominant Sporophyte Generation
(e.g. Adult Trees)
Mosses Ferns
Gymnosperms
Figure 16.14
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Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16

• Plants
• Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
• Types of Plants
• Mosses (Bryophytes)
• Ferns
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
• Importance of Plant Diversity
• Fungi
• Characteristics
• Ecological Impact

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Angiosperms

• Angiosperms
• Supply nearly all of our food and much of our
  fiber for textiles.
• More efficient water transport and the evolution
  of the flower help account for the success of the
  angiosperms.

• Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) have
• Flowers (both sex parts) instead of cones
• Seeds inside enclosed ovaries
• Seeds that are further embedded in nutritious
  tissue within fruits
• Broad and flattened leaves which are deciduous
• A dominant sporophyte (diploid) generation
• Are usually animal pollinated (some wind)

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Anatomy of a Flower
Bee Pollinating
Figure 16.17
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Angiosperm (Flowering Plant) Leaves Are Broad and
Flattened
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The Life Cycle of an Angiosperm (Sporophyte
Dominant)
1n
Plant Fertilization
Seed Development
Flowering Plant Life Cycle (time lapse)
Fruit Development
2n
Figure 16.18
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Angiosperm Fruits Are Fleshy

• The seed being enclosed within an ovary
  distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms.

• A fruit is a ripened ovary that helps protect the
  seed and increase its dispersal

Flowering/Fert
Seeds
Fruit
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Seed Dispersal Strategies of Plants
Figure 16.19
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Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16

• Plants
• Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
• Types of Plants
• Mosses (Bryophytes)
• Ferns
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
• Importance of Plant Diversity
• Fungi
• Characteristics
• Types

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Fungi

• Characteristics of Fungi
• Eukaryotic, and most are multicellular.
• Cell walls of the polysaccharide chitin
• Chemoheterotrophic nutrition, 30 are parasitic
• Constructed of thin filaments called hyphae that
  form mycelia
• Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are
  produced either sexually or asexually.
• Include the molds, yeasts, and club fungi
  (mushrooms)
• Fungi are extremely important to ecosystems
  because they decompose and recycle organic
  materials.

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Diverse Forms Within Kingdom Fungi
Figure 16.20
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Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16

• Plants
• Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
• Types of Plants
• Mosses (Bryophytes)
• Ferns
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
• Importance of Plant Diversity
• Fungi
• Characteristics
• Types

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Club Fungi The Mushrooms
Figure 16.21
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Molds Mats of Mycelia
Some molds, like Penicillium produce
antibacterial chemicals (antibiotics)
Fungal Reproduction and Nutrition
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Yeast Single-celled fungi
Saccharomyces cerevesiae bakers and brewers
yeast Candida albicans pathogenic yeast causing
vaginal yeast infections and systemic candidiasis
in AIDS patients
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Parasitic Fungi

• Of the 100,000 known species of fungi, about 30
  make their living as parasites.

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Most Plants Have Mycorrhizae Fungi On Their Roots
Figure 16.3
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Lichens Are Classified As Fungi But Are Part
Protistan

• Lichens
• Are symbiotic associations between fungi and
  algae.
• Are an example of a cooperative living arrangment
  called mutualism.

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Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16

• Plants
• Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
• Types of Plants
• Mosses (Bryophytes)
• Ferns
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
• Importance of Plant Diversity
• Fungi
• Characteristics
• Types