Year in Review

1
Year in Review

• Grade 9 Science

2
Lab safety

• Safety equipment
• E.g.. Fire extinguisher, first aid, eye wash, etc
• Safety symbols WHMIS
• Smart working
• No fooling around, common sense
• Following procedure
• Do what you are asked to. etc

3
Labs

• Variables
• Manipulated what you change
• Responding what happens due to manipulated
  variable changing
• Controlled what you have to keep the same
• Conclusion
• Answers to the problem of lab - statement

4
Environmental Chemistry
5
Chemicals in the environment

• Nutrients required for all animal growth
• Organic Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (Fats)
• Inorganic Minerals
• Fertilizers required for plant growth
• Nitrogen leaf growth
• Phosphorus roots and fruit
• Potassium flowers and tolerance to change

6

• Problems in the Environment and Food
• Pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides
• E.g. DDT effect more than what they are
  intended to do
• Bioaccumulation
• Food chain
• Increased concentrations to top of food chain
• E.g. Bugs fish birds top predator

7
Acids Bases

• pH scale
• 0 to 14
• 7 is neutral
• lt7 is an acid
• gt7 is a base
• Further away from 7 the stronger it is
• Indicators
• Through a color change show strength
• E.g. Litmus paper Redacid, Bluebase
• Neutralization when one reacts with the other
• acid base ? salt water
• e.g. Liming (base) of acidic lakes to make
  neutral pH 7

8
Air Pollution

• Acid rain
• pH less than 5.6
• Caused by SO2, NO2, CO2
• Moved around the world by global winds
• Global problem from industries
• Particulates and gases
• Removed from exhaust by scrubbers and filters

9
Pollutants

• Anything not naturally occurring in the
  environment
• Toxicity
• Acute vs. Chronic
• Short term or long term to effect something
• LD50 Lethal dose 50
• How much will be the Lethal to 50 of a
  population
• PPM parts per million
• 1/1 000 000 or 1mL/1 000 000mL

10
Water Pollutants

• Point source
• Coming from one definable location
• close to release point
• e.g. waste from factory into river
• Non point source
• Location of origin not known
• distant to release point
• e.g. air pollution from cars (driving all over
  the place)
• Indicator tests
• DO2 dissolved oxygen
• Phosphates enhances growth
• Nitrates growth
• Biological indicators

11

• Landfills
• Sanitary vs. secure
• Leaching of chemicals
• Local problems (close to site very concentrated)
• Further away it gets diluted
• 4Rs
• Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover
• Environmental issues
• Energy Conservation
• Seen from many point of views (perspectives)
• Environmental
• Political
• Economic
• Social

12
Chemistry
13
Chemicals

• Safety
• Chemical symbols
• WHMIS
• Workplace hazardous
• materials information
• system
• Symbols

14

• Matter
• Solid (s), Liquid (l), Gas (g)
• Mixtures vs. pure substances
• Mixtures mechanical solutions
• Pure substances elements compounds

15
Changes

• Physical Change
• Size
• Shape
• State Change (s to l to g)
• Chemical change
• New substance
• Gas released (smell)
• Temp change
• Color change

16
Chemical structure

• Atom
• Electrons (-) nucleus
• nucleus contains protons (), neutrons (no
  charge)
• Elements
• Symbols e.g. C, O, H, Na, Cl
• Periodic Table information about elements
• Atomic equals of electrons or of protons
• Mass atomic equals of neutrons
• Compounds
• 2 or more different elements combined
• E.g. H2O, CO2, NaCl, C6H12O6, CH4, H2O2, NH3

17
Chemical formulas

• Compound makeup
• H2O 2 Hydrogen atoms 1 oxygen atom
• CO2 1 carbon atom 2 oxygen atoms
• Molecular compounds
• Share electrons e.g. CO
• made up of non metals
• Ionic Compounds
• Transfer electrons from one atom to another
• Ions ( or -)
• made of a metal and a non metal
• Good conductivity in water due to ions
• Electrons are loose in the Molecule
• E.g. NaCl table salt in water good conductor

18
Chemical Reactions

• Chemical equations
• Reactants? Products
• H2(g) O2(g)? H2O(l)
• (g) gas, (l) liquid, (s) solid,
• (aq) aqueous - in solution
• Endothermic
• Feels cold energy gained in reaction
• Exothermic
• Feels Hot energy released in reaction

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• Corrosion
• Oxidation of metals
• A reaction where Oxygen is used up
• E.g. Rust on iron (exothermic)
• Fast reaction
• Hot and wet environments
• Slow Reaction
• Dry and cold environments

• Combustion
• involves combining a substance with oxygen
• highly exothermic (produces heat)
• requires heat, oxygen and fuel
• e.g. burning wood
• e.g. gas combustion in a car

20
Reaction Rate

• How fast a reaction will take place
• Four factors affecting Reaction Rate
• Surface area
• ? Surface Area of reactants ? ? Reaction Rate
• Concentration
• ? Concentration or reactants ? ? Reaction Rate
• Temperature
• ? Temp of reactants? ? Reaction Rate
• Stirring (agitation)
• ? Stirring of reactants ? ? Reaction Rate
• Catalyst speeds up reaction, is not used up

21
Electricity
22
Charges

• Electric Charges caused by the movement of
  electrons (-)
• Positive
• Negative
• Neutral
• Law of Charges
• Like charges repel , - -
• Unlike charges attract -
• Charged attracts neutral neutral, -
  neutral

23
Materials in electricity

• Insulators
• Stops flow of electrons
• Conductors
• Allows flow of electrons
• Superconductors
• Flow of electrons with no loss of energy
• Resistors
• Slows the flow of electrons

24
Circuits

• Pathway for electricity
• Electric Circuits
• Large current voltage, long distances
• Controlled by switches
• Circuit diagrams
• Symbols
• Working or not???
• Micro-electronic circuits (circuit boards)
• Small current and voltage, short distance
• Controlled by transistors

25
Circuits

• Parallel
• Each load has its own path for elec.
• Lights stay bright with additional ones added
• Series
• Loads share paths for elec.
• Lights get dimmer with additional ones added

26
Measuring Electricity

• Current (l)
• Unit is the ampere (amp A)
• Flow of electrons (e)
• Voltage (V)
• Unit is the volt (v)
• Potential difference
• Resistance (R)
• Unit is the Ohm (O)
• Ohms Law R V / l

27
Making / Using Electricity

• Battery Chemical to Electrical
• 2 different metals (electrodes) electrolyte
  solution
• Thermocouple Heat to Elec.
• 2 different metals attached at one end
• Resistor Elec. to heat
• Motor elec. to mechanical
• Generator mechanical to elec.
• Light bulb electricity to light
• Solar cell light to elec.
• Speaker elec. to sound
• Crystal sound to elec

28
Electric Motors

• 4 main parts of a DC motor
• Brushes
• Connect elec. to motor and commutator
• Commutator
• Changes direction of current every half turn
• Armature
• Elec. Magnets that spin
• Permanent magnets
• Must be opposite poles

29
Electric Safety

• Prevent overheating, shock, and appliance damage
• Fuses
• One time use, wire burns out
• Circuit breakers
• Automatic switch turns off with too much
  current
• If loads add up to more Amps than breaker rated
  for, it cuts off

30
Electricity Calculations

• Efficiency
• Efficiency (Output (useful) E / Input (total)
  E) x 100
• Power (P)
• Power Energy / time
• Cost
• Cost kWh (usage) x /kWh

31
Electricity Environment

• Efficiency and conservation
• Using energy efficient appliances
• E.G. Florescent (efficient) vs. incandescent
  (not)
• Making Electricity
• Renewable good for environment
• Wind, hydro, sun, tidal, .
• Non-renewable negative impact
• Gas, coal, oil, nuclear, .
• Alberta is primarily non-renewable

32
SPACE
33
Frames of reference

• Geocentric
• Earth centered model
• Heliocentric
• Sun centered model
• 1 day earths rotation
• 1 year rotation around sun

34
Space Co-ordinates

• Used to show a location of a space object
• Azimuth
• 360 for north
• Compass bearing used to measure
• Altitude
• Height above horizon
• Astrolabe used to measure

35
Telescopes

• Refracting
• Lenses (objective eyepiece)
• Reflecting
• Mirror (main objective, secondary, eyepiece,
  aperture opening)
• Radio
• Radio waves big picture connecting telescopes
• Best images
• From space Hubble telescope no distortion
  (adaptive optics)

36
Spectra

• Light patterns that show what a star is made of
• 3 types
• Bright line continuous dark line
• Spectral analysis (reading the finger prints of
  stars)
• Combining dark line spectra of elements
• Doppler effect
• Blue shift moving towards you
• Red shift moving away from you

37
Distance in space

• Triangulation to measure distance to an object
• Require baseline length and 2 angles
• The longer the base line the more accurate the
  measurement
• Parallax
• Movement of distant stars relative to a close one
• Astronomical unit (AU)
• Distance to sun from earth( about 1 500 000 km)
• Light Year
• Distance light travels in a year (63240 AU) or
  (about 9 500 000 000 000 km)

38
Space Travel

• Rockets
• Carry payloads to space
• Fuel vs. lift (mass)
• Satellites
• Low-earth orbit
• Moving around the earth
• E.g. GPS, cameras, remote sensing
• Geosynchronous
• Stationary to earth
• E.g. communication (TV Radio)

39
Solar System

• Planets and natural satellites around sun
• Elliptical orbits
• Inner planets
• Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
• Small, terrestrial, few moons
• Outer Planets
• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
• Large, Gaseous, lots of moons
• Natural satellites (reflecting suns light)
• Moon a natural satellite to earth
• Planets natural satellites to sun

40
People in Space

• Biggest concern dealing with near zero gravity
  (micro-gravity)
• Effects on human body bone loss, etc
• Life support
• Oxygen and food for long travel
• Time
• Physical mental constraints of living in a
  space craft for years

41
Biological Diversity
42
Diversity

• Differences
• Different species
• cat, dog, rose, amoeba
• Kingdoms Animal, Plant, fungi, virus,
• How to tell them apart
• Variation with in a species
• Size, color, height, breeds,
• Survival
• Structural Adaptations
• Size, wings, beaks, etc
• Behavioral adaptation
• Learnt things, migration, etc

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• Niche
• Where it lives (ecosystem Habitat) what it
  does in relation to other organisms
• Dependencies
• Symbiotic relationship (symbiosis)
• Mutualism Benefit to both species
• Commensalism Benefit to one species, no harm to
  the other
• Parasitism Benefit to one species, harm to the
  other
• Competition for survival
• Predator/prey relationship
• Both follow any population changes (both up and
  down at the same period)
• Competition for same food

44
Reproduction

• Asexual
• Only one parent fast multiplies easily
• Spores (ferns)
• Binary fission (bacteria Amoebas)
• Budding animals (hydra) plants
• Sexual
• 2 parents (variations) gametes ?zygotes
• Animals sperm egg
• External vs. internal fertilization
• Plants pollen ovum
• Cones vs. flowers contain both reproductive
  parts
• Gametes have ½ the number of chromosomes compared
  to the zygote

45
Genetic Information

• Variation
• Continuous many forms e.g.. Height, mass,
  color
• Discrete few forms e.g. sex, thumb, earlobe,
  
• Traits
• Characteristics (similar things) Dominant or
  Recessive
• Heritable vs. Non-heritable
• Mutations changes in DNA
• Good and bad
• Adaptations e.g.. Parasites (diseases) adapting
  to withstand medications

46
DNA

• DNA
• Chromosomes strands of DNA
• Genes section of chromosomes
• Coding for a protein or trait
• Genetic Engineering
• Making a new hybrid species for other DNA
• Inserting genes into chromosomes

47
Production of Cells in Multi-cellular Organisms

• Mitosis
• responsible for growth repair in every cell
  of the body (somatic cells)
• starts with duplicating of chromosomes
• then cell splits forming 2 daughter cells
  genetically identical to parent

• Meiosis
• responsible for producing sex cells gametes
• cells go through mitosis
• then a 2nd cell division happens to daughter
  cells
• producing a total of 4 cells (gametes), each with
  ½ number of original chromosomes

48
Selection

• Natural Selection
• Survival of best suited for environment
• Adaptations in genetics assist to survive
• Darwin Finch birds many different beaks for
  specific niche and survival
• Artificial Selection
• Best for human use
• Selective breeding

49
Human Impacts

• Negative
• Habitat loss human land usage
• Extirpation (gone from a smaller area) vs.
  extinction (gone from earth)
• Positive
• Preserving biodiversity (Genetic Biodiversity)
• Natural establishing preserves
• Zoos for animal biodiversity
• Seed banks for plant Biodiversity

50
Provincial Achievement Exam

• PAT

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• 55 questions
• 50 multiple choice and 5 numeric response
• take your time read questions carefully
• 1 hour and 30 minutes
• PLUS extra 30 min if needed
• DO NOT RUSH
• 2 Answer sheets
• Bring
• Pencils, sharpener eraser, calculator, book to
  read after
• Write on your test book
• This is your scrap paper (use it)

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• Thank You
• Good Luck