RHETORICAL STRATEGIES

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RHETORICAL STRATEGIES

• REVIEW

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RHETORICAL STRATEGIES

• I. DESCRIPTION

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I. DESCRIPTION

• Relies upon SENSE DETAILS
• Sights
• Sounds
• Smells
• Tastes
• Touches (tactile impressions)

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I. DESCRIPTION

• And FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
• Describing the unknown by way of the known
• Similes
• Using like or as
• Metaphors
• Using or implying is
• She had black wires for hair.
• Her eyes were as black as a sharks.
• Her nose was a ski slope.
• She had a mouth like a trash compactor.

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I. DESCRIPTION

• And PROPER DICTION
• Keen, discriminating word choice
• The right words (descriptive)
• adjectives, adverbs
• to modify ordinary, plain words
• nouns, verbs
• the exact word, technical term, vocabulary
• Sometimes a heart just beats
• But often, more descriptive words can be utilized
  to help you make your point -
• Beats quickly, very fast, irregularly
• Pounds, throbs, drums, flutters, dances

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I. DESCRIPTION

• To support a DOMINANT IMPRESSION
• The atmosphere, setting
• A unifying impression or controlling aspect
• Links all of your sense details
• The first adjective that comes to mind when you
  think about a particular place, object, person,
  or event

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I. DESCRIPTION

• Details are arranged SPATIALLY
• By space
• (as opposed to chronology, reason, logic, or
  emphasis)
• Left to right or right to left
• Top to bottom or bottom to top
• To pan, as with a camera

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I. DESCRIPTION

• On the Job
• Reports of all kinds
• Medical reports
• Police reports
• Accident reports
• Business reports
• Journalists or Reporters article
• Product description
• Construction site details
• Chemistry or Biology labs

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I. DESCRIPTION

• In Argument
• To help prove your claim
• To help persuade or convince
• Topic abortion
• for
• Describe the living conditions of the unwanted
  child of a drug-addicted mother
• against
• Describe the surgical procedure
• Suction Aspiration or Dilation and Curettage

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RHETORICAL STRATEGIES

• II. NARRATION

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II. NARRATION

• Relies upon STORY ELEMENTS
• Plot
• Characterization
• Theme
• Setting

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II. NARRATION

• And DESCRIPTIVE ELEMENTS
• Sense Details
• Figurative Language
• Diction
• Dominant Impression (related to theme)

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II. NARRATION

• To relate a STORY
• Narrative
• Account, chronicle
• Tale, myth, legend

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II. NARRATION

• With a MORAL
• Message
• Point
• Meaning
• Theme

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II. NARRATION

• Details are arranged CHRONOLOGICALLY
• By TIME
• (as opposed to space, reason, logic, or emphasis)
• Beginning, Middle, End
• Linear progression
• No flashbacks, no circling, no juxtaposition

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II. NARRATION

• On the Job
• Recording witness testimony
• Lab reports
• Experiment notes
• Journalistic accounts
• Workmans Compensation Accident reports
• Meeting minutes
• Troubleshooting explanation

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II. NARRATION

• In Argument
• To help prove your claim
• To help persuade or convince
• Narration as evidence
• Eye-witness or expert testimony
• Lab reports
• Journalistic accounts
• Historic accounts
• Topic Depression
• Case studies
• Your personal account with the disease

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RHETORICAL STRATEGIES

• III. ILLUSTRATION

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III. ILLUSTRATION

• Employs various means of EVIDENCE
• EXAMPLES
• Clear, unambiguous, unequivocal
• Relevant, topical, warranted, applicable
• concrete and specific details
• statistics, facts, figures
• specific people, places, objects
• anecdotes
• brief informative stories to help develop ideas
• like instances or occurrences

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III. ILLUSTRATION

• To support a SPECIFIC CLAIM
• Argument
• Point
• Issue
• Thesis

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III. ILLUSTRATION

• That is clearly stated in the
• THESIS STATEMENT
• Clear, emphatic
• Argumentative
• Topic Main Idea Support
• Located at the end of the Introduction

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III. ILLUSTRATION

• Evidence arranged EMPHATICALLY
• Save the best for last
• Most common, important, significant,
  demonstrative
• By reason, logic, or emphasis
• (as opposed to chronology, space)
• Build emphasis
• Move toward climax

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III. ILLUSTRATION

• Persuasive
• When done correctly
• Not overtly persuasive

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III. ILLUSTRATION

• On the Job
• Case studies
• Demographic statistics
• Graphs, charts, tables, figures
• Product specifications
• Crime scene details
• Legal precedents, case law
• Recommendations from past customers or employers

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III. ILLUSTRATION

• In Argument
• To help prove your claim
• To help persuade or convince
• Illustration as evidence
• EXAMPLES
• Clear, unambiguous, unequivocal
• Relevant, topical, warranted, applicable
• Illustrative narrative (anecdote)
• concrete and specific details
• statistics, facts, figures
• specific people, places, objects

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RHETORICAL STRATEGIES

• IV. DIVISION and CLASSIFICATION

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IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION

• DIVISION divides a topic into
• Roles
• Subgroups
• Subdivisions
• 1 into many

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IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION

• CLASSIFICATION groups into
• Types
• Groups
• Classifications
• Classes
• Categories
• many into 1

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IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION

• Each uses EXAMPLES to support the division or
  classification
• Specific people
• Specific instances or events
• Uses clear, relevant, effective/telling, and
  specific examples/instances (for example),
  details, and anecdotes to illustrate the
  characteristics of each type/part

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IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION

• Sets up each example with an appropriate
  TRANSITIONS
• For instance
• For example

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IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION

• Paragraph topics are arranged EMPHATICALLY
• Save the best for last
• Most common, important, significant,
  demonstrative
• By reason, logic, or emphasis
• (as opposed to chronology, space)
• Build emphasis
• Move toward climax

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IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION

• On the Job
• King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti
• Customer analysis (personality types)
• Sales floor organization
• Video store classification
• Understanding the functions of various parts of
  complex systems
• Computers
• Transmissions
• Resume, Job Search

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IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION

• In Argument
• To help prove your claim
• To help persuade or convince
• To help understand the problem, issue, situation
• D/C as evidence
• Types and sub-groups, roles
• Each supported with specific examples
• Types of slavery, abortions, stem cells
• Crucial roles played by immigrant workers

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RHETORICAL STRATEGIES

• V. COMPARISON and CONTRAST

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V. COMPARISON CONTRAST

• Employs various means of EVIDENCE
• EXAMPLES
• Clear, unambiguous, unequivocal
• Relevant, topical, warranted, applicable
• concrete and specific details
• statistics, facts, figures
• specific people, places, objects
• anecdotes (brief informative stories to help
  develop ideas like instances or occurrences)

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V. COMPARISON CONTRAST

• To compare OR contrast TWO subjects
• Only 2 subjects
• 2 subjects from the same class or category
• 2 subjects clearly identified in the Introduction
• 2 subjects compared or contrasted not both

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V. COMPARISON CONTRAST

• Points of comparison or contrast are clearly
  stated in the THESIS STATEMENT
• Topic Main Idea Support
• support similarities or differences
• Located at the end of the Introduction

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V. COMPARISON CONTRAST

• Writer effectively and strategically employs one
  of two ORGANIZATIONAL METHODS
• point-by-point-by-point method
• subject-by-subject method

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V. COMPARISON CONTRAST

• Writer uses appropriate TRANSITIONS to guide the
  reader through the text
• (comparison)
• also, like, as, furthermore, additionally
• (contrast)
• on the other hand, on the contrary, conversely,
  however

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V. COMPARISON CONTRAST

• Writer EMPHATICALLY arranges evidence
• Save the best for last
• Most common, important, significant,
  demonstrative
• By reason, logic, or emphasis
• (as opposed to chronology, space)
• Build emphasis
• Move toward climax

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V. COMPARISON CONTRAST

• On the Job
• Job searches
• Hiring, Firing, or Promoting
• Product choices
• Software, hardware
• Tools, equipment
• Storage, disposal, recycling
• Experiments
• Medications
• Treatment regimens
• Exercise, therapeutic, medicinal

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V. COMPARISON CONTRAST

• In Argument
• To help prove your claim
• To help persuade or convince
• Topic Stem Cell Research
• Compare cloned liver to natural one
• Contrast embryonic to adult SCR
• Topic Global Warming
• Compare current Global Warming fad to past Global
  Cooling vogue
• Contrast current conditions with 50 years ago

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RHETORICAL STRATEGIES

• VI. DEFINITION

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VI. DEFINITION

• Employs various means of EVIDENCE
• EXAMPLES
• Clear, unambiguous, unequivocal
• Relevant, topical, warranted, applicable
• concrete and specific details
• statistics, facts, figures
• specific people, places, objects
• anecdotes
• brief informative stories to help develop ideas
• like instances or occurrences

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VI. DEFINITION

• To support a PERSONAL UNDERSTANDING of a TERM
• Not a text book definition
• Not a dictionary or encyclopedia definition
• But a personal definition

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VI. DEFINITION

• That is clearly stated in the
• THESIS STATEMENT
• Thesis Definition
• Clear, emphatic
• Located at the end of the Introduction
• Topic Main Idea Support
• Term Class Traits (characteristics,
  attributes)

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VI. DEFINITION

• Evidence arranged EMPHATICALLY
• Save the best for last
• Most common, important, significant,
  demonstrative
• By reason, logic, or emphasis
• (as opposed to chronology, space)
• Build emphasis
• Move toward climax

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VI. DEFINITION

• On the Job
• Job definitions, postings, searches
• Technical terms
• Movements, genres, techniques
• Medical conditions, diseases, treatments
• Tools, parts, functions
• Ideas, ideologies, philosophies
• Laws, legal terms

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VI. DEFINITION

• In Argument
• To help prove your claim
• To help persuade or convince
• Topic Racism (attitudes, language)
• See Langston Hughes Black
• Topic Same-Sex Marriage
• Define marriage
• How its defined side of the issue
• for couple based on love, commitment
• against 1 man 1 woman, for procreation

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RHETORICAL STRATEGIES

• VII. ARGUMENT and PERSUASION

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VII. ARGUMENT-PERSUASION

• PERSUASION
• Persuasion is the communication of a particular
  message to a targeted audience for a specific
  occasion to effect a change in the reader(s)
  (Memering 216, emphasis mine).
• its purpose is to persuade reader to think, act,
  feel, certain way
• it appeals to reason, emotion, and ethics

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VII. ARGUMENT-PERSUASION

• ARGUMENT
• it appeals to logic/reason primarily
• it uses emotion ethics as support
• More objective than subjective persuasion
• More of a report than a dispute
• Less about trying to change the reader
• More about trying to inform the reader
• this is the type of essay you will be writing

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VII. ARGUMENT-PERSUASION

• Employs various means of EVIDENCE
• EXAMPLES
• Clear, unambiguous, unequivocal
• Relevant, topical, warranted, applicable
• concrete and specific details
• statistics, facts, figures
• specific people, places, objects
• anecdotes
• brief informative stories to help develop ideas
• like instances or occurrences

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VII. ARGUMENT-PERSUASION

• Evidence arranged EMPHATICALLY
• Save the best for last
• Most common, important, significant,
  demonstrative
• By reason, logic, or emphasis
• (as opposed to chronology, space)
• Build emphasis
• Move toward climax

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VII. ARGUMENT-PERSUASION

• PURSUASIVE APPEALS
• LOGOS
• Logic
• Examples, stats, facts, reports, expert testimony
• PATHOS
• Emotional
• Fear, guilt, sympathy, (emotional evidence)
• ETHOS
• Writers Credibility
• Tone, proper use of Logos Pathos

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VII. ARGUMENT-PERSUASION

• On the Job
• Job searches
• Hiring, Firing, or Promoting
• Product choices
• Policy recommendations
• Suggesting changes
• Buying, selling, advertising
• Conclusions, recommendations, suggestions
• Proposals, bids, applications, pitches

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VII. ARGUMENT-PERSUASION

• In Argument
• To help prove your claim
• To help persuade or convince
• Any Rhetorical Strategy can be employed to
  achieve your goals, objectives
• Topic Smoking in Public Places
• D describe the stench, stains, coughs, lungs
• N relate personal instance at a restaurant
• EX stats, anecdotes of secondhand smoke
• D/C types of smokers, cancers, customers
• C/C before after smoking ban
• DFN smoking, public places, rights, privileges
  

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RHETORICAL STRATEGIES

• END of the REVIEW