19th Century Westward Expansion

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19th Century Westward Expansion

• Jackson Era Indian Removal

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Questions

• What were the ideological currents that
  influenced domestic foreign policy during the
  mid 1800s?
• What are examples of United States Foreign policy
  during the 1800s?

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Identifications

• Manifest Destiny
• Technological Progress
• Westward Expansion
• Indian Removal Act 1830
• Cherokee Choctaw Removal
• Andrew Jackson

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http//amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/module_files/Best20
Westward20Expansion20Map.jpg
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Westward Expansion Technological Progress

• The promise of technological progress
• Labor
• Expansion over indigenous America

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Slavery free wage Labor

• Goal to abolish servitude among whites
• Create virtuous citizens
• No slaves or hirelings
• Small independent producers

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Manifest Destiny

• Senator Thomas Hart Benton Personified West its
  expansionist spirit
• While the yellow race was far above the Black
  and the red races, it was still far below the
  White and like all the rest must receive an
  impression from the superior race whenever they
  come into contact
• Adams sons, the White race alone received the
  divine command, to subdue and replenish the
  earth

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New Democratic Party1824-1828

• Vanguard of promoting white equality and unity
• Strongly pro-slavery
• Anti-black rights
• Intensification of racism accompanied the
  emergence of democracy in American life
• Referring to free blacks
• the policy and power of the national and state
  governments are against them, the popular feeling
  is against them- the interests of our citizens
  are against them. Their prospectsare dreary,
  comfortless.

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Jackson Era 1824-1845

• Extension of white male democracy
• The Second Great Awakening
• Rise of Jacksons Democrats (1824-28)
• Jackson appeal Indian removal
• Spoils System

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African Americans

• Most Northerners lacks meaningful political
  rights
• Five New England States allowed black men to vote
  on equal terms as white men
• New York imposed property requirements only on
  black men
• NJ, PA, CT disfranchised African Americans, were
  previously they had the right

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Jim Crow North

• Working mans complicity in destruction of black
  rights and suffrage
• New York 1825
• Connecticut 1818
• Columbia Pennsylvania 1834
• Rhode Island 1822 (attempt)

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The creation of the anti-citizen

• Rise of Popular Racism in the North
• Tools of working class repression
• New industrial morality 1812 1860

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Jacksons Indian Removal Policy

• Thomas Jefferson - 1st president to propose
  removal
• James Monroe - 1st to propose a plan for
  removal
• Andrew Jackson - 1824 began campaigning openly
  in favor of forced removal
• Congress passed Removal Act of 1830

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The Five civilized Southern Tribes

• Cherokee
• The Treaty of Hopewell in 1785
• Sequoyah
• Choctaw
• Chickasaw
• Creek/Muscogee
• Seminole

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Indian Territory
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Forced Removal Legal Resistance

• Cherokee Nation V. Georgia 1831 Worcester V.
  Georgia in 1832
• a domestic nation occupying its own territory and
  boundaries
• the Laws of Georgia did not apply
• States could not pass laws conflicting with
  federal Indian treaties
• Federal government had an obligation to exclude
  white intruders from Indian lands
• citizens had no right to enter
• Jackson John Marshall had made his decision
  now let him enforce it.

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Cherokee Removal

• The Treaty Party
• sign a treaty removing them from the lands
• Treaty of New Echota committed tribe to removal
  in 1835
• The Ross party
• Chief John Ross opposed removal at any cost.
• Trail of Tears
• 25-50 of population died disease, depression,
  starvation and exposure

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Choctaw Removal

• Removal began in 1830
• Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
• Government guarantee
• to educate 40 Choctaw per year
• provide 50,000 for public schools
• 20,000/year for 20 years for supplies and moving
  expenses

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Choctaw Removal

• 1/4 chose to take allotments
• Agent William Ward defrauded the allotted
• speculators and officials swindled resulting in
  impoverished communities rampant with disease and
  death
• Those who removed thousands died from
  malnutrition and disease, as well as exposure.

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Indigenous Resistance

• Sauk Fox Nations led by Black Hawk re-crossed
  the Mississippi into Illinois in 1832, crushed by
  federal troops Militia
• Seminole, led by Osceola held out in the
  Everglades of Florida until 1842, some never gave
  up or signed treaties with the United States

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Labor Resistance

• Formation of Trade Unions
• Courts called them conspiracies to restrain
  trade, and therefore illegal
• Anti Renter Movement, Albany, New York, 1839
• Dorrs Rebellion, Rhode Island, 1841
• Movement for electoral reform to change Charter
  rule that only land owners could vote