The expansion of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1699

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The expansion of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1699
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Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1807-1924
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Ottoman Empire in early nineteenth century
politics

• Ideal Muslim state is a theocracy
• But Ottoman rule was characterized by diversity,
  minimality
• Diversity, because the Sultanate ruled different
  territories differently
• Minimality, because Ottoman rule was not
  unrestrained
• Sharia emphasizes the rights of believers and
  restricts the power of rulers

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Changes in nineteenth century

• Toward uniformity and expanded role of government
• Toward secularization of politics
• New approach to international relations

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Principal reforms in nineteenth century

• Mahmud II (1808-1839)
• Europeanstyle army
• Government administration reformed to imitate
  European models
• Abdul-Mejid (1839-1861) Tanzimat edicts of 1839,
  1856
• Military reform
• Legal reform Ottoman citizens equal before the
  law
• Constitution of 1876 establishes parliament but
  is never put into effect

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Diplomatic agreements during World War I
Sykes-Picot (1916)

• France will get Cilicia (in Syria), Coastal
  Syria, Lebanon, sphere of influence to Mosul
• Britain will get Basra and Baghdad, Haifa and
  Acre in Palestine
• The rest of Palestine to be under international
  adminstration

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Sykes-Picot map
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Diplomatic agreements during World War I Balfour
Declaration

• Britain to help establish in Palestine a
  national home for the Jewish people, with two
  provisos
• Nothing to prejudice rights of non-Jewish
  communities in Palestine
• Nothing to prejudice rights or political status
  of Jews in other countries

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Example of Iraq

• There was no such thing till after World War I
• In 1921, three former Ottoman provinces, Baghdad,
  Basra, and Mosul, were unified as a kingdom.

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Creation of modern Iraq