1300 CE 1450 1750 CE

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1300 CE (1450)- 1750 CE

• A WORLD OF EMPIRES
• AP World History
• Ruthford

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World Circa 1300
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Circa 1300

• Population Decline and growth
• Black Plague (_at_1348)
• Feudalism in Japan (Kamakura) and Europe
• Pax Mongolica Yuan dynasty in China, Kievan Rus
  under Mongol rule
• Rise of the Inca and Aztec empires
• Mali at its height

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Circa 1300

• Delhi Sultanate in South Asia rise of Islam,
  decline of Buddhism, competing power bases.
• Founding of Ottoman dynasty (1281)
• Continued decline of Byzantium
• Trade circuits in Mediterranean, Indian Ocean,
  South China Sea, Trans-Saharan and across the
  Eurasian steppe.

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Think about it

• Predict what trends will change and which will
  stay the same.
• As the world continues to become more integrated
  circa 1300, predict which societies are in the
  best position to take advantage of new
  technologies and new discoveries. Think about
  virgin soils, location and luck.

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Americas 1300-1800

• Rise of Incas
• Continued rise of Aztecs
• Conquest arrival of Spanish in western
  hemisphere
• Population impacts disease, racial
  intermingling, war
• Columbian exchange
• Colonial societies

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Inca Empire 1438-1525

• Also known as Twantinsuyu
• Highly centralized government
• Diverse ethnic groups
• Extensive irrigation
• State religion/ancestor cult
• Architectural achievements

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Inca Empire

• Rope suspension bridges
• Metallurgy copper and bronze
• No use of wheel
• Capac Nan roads allowed for tax, labor, and
  courier system
• Quipu

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Incan Achievements

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Aztec Empire 1325-1520

• Tenochtitlan Foundation of Heaven
• By 1519, Metropolis of 150.000-five square miles
• Island location
• Tribute empire based on agriculture

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Aztecs

• Chimanpas agriculture
• State control of market redistributes all goods

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Changes in Trade, Technology and Global
Interactions

• Exploration
• Gold, Glory and God?
• Empire Building
• Cartography
• Commodities

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Commodities

• African slave trade
• Notice the primary destinations

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Commodities Sugar, Silver and Slaves

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Commodities

• Coffee beans used first in Yemen and then later
  in Europe and the Americas
• European using chocolate technology from the
  Aztecs 17th Century

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Fur Trade French British, Native Peoples,
Russians
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Empires Russia

• Mongol occupation stalled Russian unification and
  development
• Increasing absolutist rule and territorial
  expansion by 16th Century Ivan the Terrible
• Role of Russian Orthodox Church
• Peter the Great accelerated westernization process

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Cartographic Changes
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Age of Exploration

• European exploration
• Why then?
• Why?
• Who and where?
• End of Ming Treasure / Tribute Voyages
• Zheng He

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Empire Building

• How do empires rise and expand?
• What factors at this time will help empires
  maintain themselves and expand their borders?
• Consider the impact and nature of interaction
  with others

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Empires Ottoman 1281-1914

• 1350s Initial Ottoman Invasion of Europe
• 1453 Ottoman capture of Constantinople
• 1683 Ottoman siege of Vienna

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Empires Ming China 1368-1644Manchu Qing
Dynasty 1644 - 1912

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Empires Japan

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Empires Tokugawa Japan1600 - 1853

• Taika, Nara and Heina periods (645-857) height
  of cultural borrowing from China
• -Tale of Genji Lady Murasaki
• Emergence of warrior class and increasing civil
  wars
• Encounter with Portuguese 1543
• Isolation from West rise of Tokugawas
• Tokugawa elite followed development in west
  (contrast to Chinas hairy barbarian mentality)

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Empires Mughal India 1556-1739

• Empire based on military strength
• Akbar attempt to combine beliefs into new
  religion to unite Hindu and Muslim subjects
  Din-I-Ilahi
• Indian textile trade value to Europeans
• Patronage to the arts Shah Jahan

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Empires Safavid Persia_at_ 1334-1722

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Empires England

• Limited Monarchy and the emergence of
  Constitutional Monarchy
• Civil Wars Commonwealth-Charles II James II
  and the Glorious Revolution Bill of Rights
• Enlightenment Ideas
• Colonies in Americas

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Empires France

• Absolute Monarchy
• King Louis XIV
• I am the State
• Versailles
• Mercantilism
• Territorial expansion in Europe and fur-trading
  colonies in Saint Domingue (Haiti) and New France
  (Quebec)

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Empires Dutch

• Dutch East India Company universal carriers
  In 1660, employed 12,000 people and had 257
  ships. Sought monopolies and large profits.
• North America (fur trade along the Hudson river,
  New Amsterdam)
• Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
• Capetown South Africa way station
• Southeast Asia spice trade (nutmeg in Banda
  islands, cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)

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Empires Spain

• Reconquista ended with the fall of Granada
• Inquisition
• Columbus voyage
• Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in Peru
• Took over existing tributary empires labor
  (mita), silver, gold, and foodstuffs
• Demographic impact disease, death, and mestizos

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Spain

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Empires Portugal

• Search for Maritime route to Asia
• Advanced naval technology caravels, carracks,
  astrolabe and compass
• Established fortresses along the Gold Coast
  sugar plantations and African slave labor
• Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi, Sofala
  and Kilwa, Calicut and Goa, and later Macao
• Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil sugar
  plantation

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Portugal

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Brazil Plantation colony

• Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
• African slave labor used to support the
  plantation complex (sugar)
• Largest producer of sugar in world first half of
  17th C.

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Empires African

• Characteristics of
• Stateless societies - organized around
  kinship, often larger than states, forms of
  government
• Large centralized states increased unity came
  from linguistic base Bantu, Christianity and
  Islam, as well as indigenous beliefs
• Trade markets, international commerce, taxed
  trade of unprocessed goods.

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African Empires

• Oyo
• Benin
• Kongo
• Asante

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Empires Songhay

• Initially farmers, herders, and fishers
• Foreign merchant community in Goa (gold)
• Powerful cavalry forces, expansive empire
• Fusion of Islamic and indigenous traditions

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Gender and Empire

• How might colonial conquests influence gender
  roles?

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Changing Beliefs

• Reformation
• Neo-Confucianism
• Missionaries Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

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Missionaries Jesuits
ltgt                                    

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Cultural and Intellectual Development

• Scientific Revolution
• Enlightenment
• Patronage of the Arts

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Demographic and Environmental Changes

• Predict what the consequences of increased
  integration and empire building be on population?
  On the environment? Think long and short term.

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Comparisons

• Be able to compare the following
• Imperial systems European monarchy vs. a
  land-based Asian empire
• Coercive labor systems
• Empire building in Asia, Africa and Europe
• Russias interaction with the west compared to
  others

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Conclusions

• What are the major themes that seem apparent?
• What global processes are in action?
• Suggest the best possible ways to learn case
  studies of these global forces.