Imperial China -- Qin to Ming Dynasties

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Imperial China Qin to Ming Dynasties
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A new dynasty comes to power.
The emperorreforms the govt. makes it
moreefficient.
Start here?
Lives of common people improvedtaxes
reducedfarming encouraged.
Emperor isdefeated !!
TheDynasticCycle
Problems begin(extensive wars,invasions, etc.)
Rebel bands findstrong leader whounites
them.Attack the emperor.
Taxes increasemen forced towork for
army.Farming neglected.
Poor loserespect for govt.They join rebels
attack landlords.
Govt. increasesspending corruption.
Droughts,floods,famines occur.
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Qin Chin Dynasty, 221-206 B.C.E.

• Established Chinas first empire ?
• Shi Huangdi (221-206 B.C.E)
• Legalist rule ?
• Bureaucratic administration
• Centralized control
• Military expansion
• Book burnings ? targetedConfucianists
• Buried protestors alive!
• Built large section of the Great Wall

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Shi Huangdis Terra Cotta Army
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Shi Huangdis Terra Cotta Army
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Shi Huangdis Terra Cotta Soldiers Cavalrymen
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Cavalry
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Individual Soldiers
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The Details of an Individual Soldier
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Individual Tombs
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The Great Wall with Towers
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The Eastern terminus of the Great Wall, Shanhai
Pass
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Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.

• People of the Han ? original Chinese
• Paper invented 105 B.C.E. ?
• Silk Road trade develops improves life for many
• Buddhism introduced into China
• Expanded into Central Asia

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Han Roman Empire Connection
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ChanganThe Han Capital
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Liu Sheng Tomb (d. 113 BCE)
His jade suit has 2498 pieces!
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Emperor Wudi, 141-87 B.C.E.

• Started public schools.
• Colonized Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam.
• Civil service system ?
• bureaucrats
• Confucian scholar-gentry
• Revival of Chinese landscape painting.

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Han Artifacts
Imperial Seal
Han Ceramic House
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Ceramics, Later Han Period
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Trade Routes of the Ancient World
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Multi-Cultural Faces -- People Along the Silk Road
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Ruins of Jiaohe, Turphan depression. Han
dynasty outpost in Central Asia
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Sui Dynasty, 581-618 C.E.

• Land Equalization System ? land
  redistribution.
• Unified coinage.
• Grand Canal constructed.
• Established an army of professional soldiers.
• People were overworked and overtaxed!

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The Grand Canal
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The Grand Canal Today
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Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.

• Imperial examination system perfected.
• Liberal attitude towards all religions.
• Spread of Buddhism in China
• Golden Age of foreign relations with other
  countries. ?
• Japan, Korea, Persia

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Tang Government Organization
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Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.

• New technologies
• Printing ? moveable print ?
• Porcelain
• Gunpowder
• Mechanical clocks
• More cosmopolitan culture.
• Reestablished the safety of the Silk Road.
• Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia. ?

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Empress Wu Zetian, 624-705

• The only female Empress in Chinas history who
  ruled alone. ?
• Searched for outstanding individuals to attract
  to her court.
• Construction of new irrigation systems.
• Buddhism was the favored statereligion.
• Financed the building of many Buddhist
  temples.
• BUT She appointed cruel and sadistic
  ministers to seek out her enemies.

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Foot-Binding in Tang China

• Broken toes by 3 years of age.

• Size 5 ½ shoe on the right

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Foot-Binding in Tang China

• Mothers bound their daughters feet.

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Foot-Binding in Tang China

• For upper-class girls, it became a new custom.

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The Results of Foot-Binding
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Song Sung Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.

• Creation of an urban, merchant, middle
  class.
• Increased emphasis on education cheaper
  availability of printed books.
• Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power!
  ?

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Song Peasant Family
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Rice Cultivation Began Under the Song
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Song Rice Cultivation
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Mongolian Steppes
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Xinjiang Region Typical Uygher Mongol Yurt
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Mongol Invasions
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Mongol Warriors
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Mongol Archer
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Gold Saddle Arch Mongols, 13c
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Gold Saddle, Front View Mongols, 13c
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The MONGOLS Golden Horde

• Temujin --gt Genghis Khan Universal Ruler
• 1162 - 1227
• from the steppe dry, grass-covered plains of
  Central Asia

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The MONGOLS Golden Horde

• Genghis Khans Tax Laws
• If you do not pay homage, we will take your
  prosperity.
• If you do not have prosperity, we will take your
  children.
• If you do not have children, we will take your
  wife.
• If you do not have a wife, we will take your
  head.
• Used cruelty as a weapon ? some areas never
  recovered from Mongol destruction!

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Mongol Nobleman, late 13c
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Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, early 14c
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Yuan Golden Bowl, 13c
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The Extent of the Mongol Empire
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Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.

• Kublai Khan r. 1260-1294
• Pax Mongolica Mongol Peace
• Tolerated Chinese culturebut lived apart from
  them. ?
• No Chinese in top govt. posts.
• Believed foreigner were moretrustworthy.
• Encouraged foreign trade foreign merchants to
  live and work in China.
• Marco Polo

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Marco Polo (1254-1324)

• A Venetian merchant.
• Traveled through YuanChina 1271-1295
• Black Stones coal
• Gunpowder.
• Noodles.

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Marco Polos Travels
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Yuan Porcelains Ceramics
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Yuan Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.

• The Black Plague was spread by the Mongols in
  the mid-14c.
• Sent fleets against Japan.
• 1281 ? 150,000 warriors
• Defeated by kamikazi winds of the gods ?
• Kublai Khan experienced several humiliating
  defeats in Southeast Asia late in his life.

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Chinas last native imperial dynasty!
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The Forbidden City Chinas New Capital
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Revived the Civil Service Exam
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Ming Cultural Revolution

• Printing Literacy
• Cheap, popular books
• woodblock printing.
• cheap paper.
• Examination system.
• Leads to explosion in literacy. ?
• Leads to further popularization of the commercial
  market.

• Culture Art
• Increased literacy leads to increased interest in
  cultural expressions, ideas, and things
• Literature.
• Painting.
• Ceramics.
• Opera.

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Ming Silver Market

• Spanish Silver Convoys
• Triangle route
• Philippines to China to Japan.
• Silver floods Chinese Market
• Causes devaluation of currency recession
• Adds to reasons for Chinese immigration overseas.
• Reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe
• Increases interest in Chinese culture ideas in
  Europe.
• Helps fund conquest of New World ?
• Encourages Europeans in conquest trade.

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Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644 C.E.

• Golden Age of Chinese Art
• Moderation
• Softness
• Gracefulness
• Three different schools ofpainting developed.
• Hundreds of thousands ofworkers constructed
  theForbidden City.

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Ming Emperor Tai Zu (r. 1368-1398)
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The Tribute System
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Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)

• Ming Treasure Fleet
• Each ship 400 long 160 wide

1371-1435
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Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)

• Chinas Columbus? ?

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Admiral Zheng Hes Voyages

• First Voyage 1405-1407 62 ships 27,800 men.
• Second Voyage 1407-1409 Ho didnt go on this
  trip.
• Third Voyage 1409-1411 48 ships 30,000 men.
• Fourth Voyage 1413-1415 63 ships 28,500 men.
• Fifth Voyage 1417-1419
• Sixth Voyage 1421-1422
• Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and
  ordered ship builders and sailors to stop work.
• Seventh Voyage 1431-1433
• Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to
  restore peaceful relations with Malacca Siam
• 100 ships and 27,500 men Cheng Ho died on the
  return trip.

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• 1498 --gt Da Gama reached Calcutta, Chinas
  favorite port.

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Ming Porcelain / Ceramics, 17c18c
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Ming Vases, 18c
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Ming Carved Lacquer Dish 15c
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Ming Scroll PaintingTravelers in Autumn
Mountains
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Ming Painting Taoist Scholar
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Ming Painting Birds and Flowers, 16c
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Ming Painting and Calligraphy, early 16c
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Imperial Chinas Impact on History

• Removed religion from morality.
• Beginnings of political philosophy through which
  a ruler must prove he/she is legitimate.
• Mandate of Heaven
• Secular law.
• Valued history ? The Dynastic Cycle